Coca Cola Demographics and Psychographics in Market Segmentation

Question: Discuss about theDemographics and Psychographics In Market Segmentation. Answer: Introduction Research problem-market segmentation strategies need to be evaluated for effectiveness. This research will ascertain whether demographic variables are effective for market segmentation. Limitations of the report- the report is dependent on secondary sources of information which may have subjective opinions. Therefore care should be given in when implementing the recommendations. The sources and methods used-This report utilized secondary sources including academic underpinnings journals and internet sources. Report Organisation-this report will first evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using demographics as a base for market segmentation. Discussions Advantages of using demographics as a basis for market segmentation The first advantage of using demographics in market segmentation is that the demographics data is easily available for use and it is cost effective. Most secondary data including the census data are expressed in demographics. This makes it easy to access this form of data and apply it in identifying the target market. The census data is readily available and the costs involved in accessing this kind of data are low (Piercy, et al. 2011). Secondly, demographics are easily measurable when compared to other segmentation factors. Considering when other variables like lifestyle and personalities are used in market segmentation their demographic characteristics have to be ascertained in order for the true characteristics of a market segment to be known (Bruwer, et al. 2007). Therefore the use of demographical data in deciding which market segment should be targeted is vital even when other factors have been considered. This set of data offers an opportunity to examine the population of different locations and develop products that suit their needs (Tigert, et al. 1971). For example, it is not enough to give the percentage of people who use Moleskines product range but it will be important to know their age, their gender and income ranges. Third, the application of demographics in segmentation will lead to customer loyalty and retention. When the customer needs and wants are carefully evaluated and their trends studied, an organisation will channel its marketing campaigns towards those needs and wants (Sessler 2011). If the customers are satisfied, they will become loyal and they will tend to use the products more often. An example is the Moleskines product range. The company has engaged its customers in buying its non-digital products through incorporation of the products in the digital systems. For instance the MSK 2 is one of the products that customers can use to submit their art, hacks and videos on the company website. Besides, these clients can access various templates for the creation of their journals (Koenke 2006.). Fourth, demographic data reveals the ongoing trends that give a clear signal indication of business for marketers. For instance, demographics can reveal the income levels of a population and that can show the purchasing power of that population and products can be developed to suit the income levels of such a population (Barry, et al. 2009). Finally, the use of demographics in market segmentation can save the business the costs that may be incurred in expansion. Since the population characteristics can be defined and the future predicted, the organisation can save on costs that can be incurred on further research and the losses that can be incurred through unsatisfied customers. Disadvantages of Using Demographics as a Basis for Market Segmentation First, one major limitation with the use of demographics is that it is one dimensional and does not facture in product differentiation. For instance, demographics can give details on a certain product for example the aftershave but it cannot give information about a particular aftershave brand. And who exactly uses the brand (Shiffman 2013). Secondly, demographic data is only descriptive and his limits the understanding of the consumers themselves since the data available is general and generalization cannot be used in the development of products that can be used by such a population (Sessler 2011). Thirdly, demographic variable require that other variables are used in the development of a market segment. This is due to the weakness that is posed by only being descriptive of the data and not being detailed on the brand types that are preferred by different demographic segments (Shiffman 2013). Lastly, demographic data is readily available and competitors can easily utilize it to copy the products that an organization may be selling in a particular market. This is a great disadvantage because the competitors may produce better products which can lead to loss of customers. Can demographics and psychographics be used together to segment markets? In the analysis of whether demographics and psychographics can be used together in a segment market, it is important to describe what is contained in psychographics. Psychographic segmentation is related to research on the psychological needs and wants of consumers (Narang 2010). This form of research is also referred to as lifestyle analysis. This has been an important tool that has been used in determining the most promising market segments. The promotion of such products as Colgate, KFC fast foods, Lux soap and many others relies on psychographic research which is used in capturing the potential customers profiles. Consumer interests, activities and opinions are some of the psychographic measures that can be used in the development of a market segment. Besides, the profiles which can be used when se factors are the ones that can be used in coming up with consumer-based products (Kumar,et al. 2008). Psychographic and demographic can be used complimentarily. That is, when the demographic and psychographic variables are applied together, there is sufficient information that can be used in the development of products for a particular market segment. In marketing, information is important and the more information is available the more the marketing activities will be effective since the customer needs will be met. For a brand to be successful in the market, it needs to satisfy the customer needs fully. Organizations should invest more in market research in order to come up with the products that are needed by the market. It is not possible for the organization to produce products that will satisfy the customer needs if they do not conduct sufficient research on what those customers needs are (Simons, et al. 2016). Using both demographic and psychographic data is also important because this technique develops a deep understanding of what needs to be put into the market. Demographics help in developing the quantities needed while psychographics will develop the needed qualities. For a market to be fully satisfied both quantity and quality have to be adhered to. A product may be of the required quality and the market demand is so high and if the quantities cannot satisfy the demand then there may be a crisis that may lead customers away from the companys products. Also, a product may be abundant in the market yet it is not of the required standard and quality according to psychographic profiles. This also may tarnish the companys reputation and customers will avoid such products ((Shiffman 2013).). Moleskine is an example of a brand that fully utilizes the concept of market segmentation. This organisation used to produce notebooks and it is a popular brand name in this industry. The digital era has really affected this company but still it has managed to survive the tides that come with digitalization. Since the digital era came with a wave that could reduce the need to write in notebooks, the company did an analysis of their customer desires and lifestyles. Since these customers have a heavy presence in the online platforms and social media, the company developed products that can be used in the digital era. By doing this the company has survived through a challenge that many other companies could not survive through (Spence,et al. 2007). Recommendations When applying market segmentation as a strategy in marketing, demographic data is important and it should be used together with psychographic data. The combination of these sets of data makes it easy to identify and present products to the market will fulfil the customer needs and wants.A critical analysis of lifestyles and the [population is important in this strategy and therefore I recommend that the two sets of data should be used complimentarily for effectiveness. Conclusion Market segmentation is a marketing strategy that is effective in penetrating and managing a market. This is done through profiling the market needs and developing products that suit such a market. The use of demographics in market segmentation is important in determining the different customer characteristics. However, there are some limitations which need that a combination with other variables should be done in order to make sure that market segmentation is done in a way that will lead to customer and market satisfaction. When the market is satisfied, the brand easily becomes successful in such a market because it will be trusted and customer loyalty will be developed. Reference List Barry, James, and Weinstein Art. 2009. "Business psychographics revisited: from segmentation theory to successful marketing practice." Journal of Marketing Management 25, no. 3-4: 315-340. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Bruwer, Johan, and Li, Elton. 2007. "Wine-Related Lifestyle (WRL) Market Segmentation: Demographic and Behavioural Factors." Journal of Wine Research 18, no. 1: 19-34. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Koenke. Teri. 2006. "Destroying Demographics: The New Art of Strategic Customer Communications." U.S. Banker 116, 22-23. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Kumar, Vishal, and Sarkar, Amitava. 2008. "Psychographic segmentation of Indian urban consumers." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 13, no. 2: 204-226. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Mostafa Mohamed M. 2009. "Shades of green: A psychographic segmentation of the green consumer in Kuwait using self-organizing maps." Expert Systems with Applications 36, no. 8: 11030-11038. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Narang, Ritu.2010. "Psychographic segmentation of youth in the evolving Indian retail market." International Review of Retail, Distribution Consumer Research 20, no. 5: 535-557. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Piercy, Niall, Campbell, Collin, and Heinrich, Daniel. 2011. "Suboptimal segmentation: Assessing the use of demographics in financial services advertising." Journal of Financial Services Marketing 16, no. 3/4: 173-182. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Sessler Jerrod. 2011. "Demographic Segmentation: Social Media In-A-Box." Franchising World 43, no. 9: 50. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Shiffman Leon. 2013. Consumer Behaviour, 6th Edition. Pearson/Australia, 2013-09-01. VitalBook file. Simons, Dirk, and Zein Nicole. 2016. "Audit Market Segmentation The Impact of Mid-tier Firms on Competition." European Accounting Review 25, no. 1: 131-154. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Spence, Jacqui, and Abratt Russel. 1997. "Use of psychographics in consumer market segmentation: The South African experience." South African Journal of Business Management 28, no. 2: 33. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 14, 2016). Tigert, Douglas, Lathrope Richard Michael, and Bleeg. 1971. "The Fast Food Franchise: Psychographic and Demographic Segmentation Analysis." Journal of Retailing 47, no. 1: 81. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Wilson-Jeanselme, Muriel, and Reynolds Jonathan. 2006. "The advantages of preference-based segmentation: An investigation of online grocery retailing." Journal Of Targeting, Measurement Analysis For Marketing 14, no. 4: 297-308. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016).

Pernicious Anaemia Causes and Curing Procedures

Introduction Pernicious anaemia refers to a form of anaemia, which results from failure of the body to absorb adequately absorb vitamin B-12. Vitamin B-12, being an important nutrient in the body is absorbed in the small intestine from foods rich in vitamin B-12. Lahner and Annibale (2009) explain that vitamin B-12 binds itself to intrinsic factor, a parietal-cells-secreted protein, forming a complex, which is readily absorbed by the small intestine.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pernicious Anaemia: Causes and Curing Procedures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Irvine (1965) submits that when the aforementioned intrinsic factor is absent from the body, perhaps because of autoimmunity of genetic issues, vitamin B-12 is reduced in the victim’s body, leading to pernicious anaemia. Further, victims of autoimmune disorders are more exposed to pernicious anaemia because their antibodies attack parietal cells, leading to abnormal secretion of the intrinsic factor, which in turn leads to poor vitamin B-12 absorption and consequently, pernicious anaemia (Toh, Van Driel Gleeson, 1997). Therefore, the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia comes from the autoimmune disorder. The pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia show that occurrence of autoimmune disorder affects secretion of the intrinsic factor leading to mal-absorption of vitamin B-12. Autoantibodies attach themselves to gastric H+/K+–ATPase that is a pump composed of a 100 a glycoprotein ÃŽ ²-subunit (60-90 kDa) and a kDa catalytic ÃŽ ±-subunit, and consequently prevent the proper functioning of parietal cells and intrinsic factor secretion (Toh et al., 1997). This report is an investigative analysis of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia. It analyses the stomach’s morphology in relation to pernicious anaemia, diagnoses pernicious anaemia in sample stomachs through western blot technique, and seeks to detect antibodies in sample serums through immune-histochemistry staining. Aim The objective of this report is to detect antibodies of the proton pump of the stomach by applying immune-histochemistry and western blot techniques on serum samples. To set a good background for the study, the report first analyses the critical components of a healthy stomach.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Material and Methods Procedure of Examining Morphology of the Stomach Stomach samples were placed in slides to prepare them for examination, and then stored in a safety cabinet. The slides were incubated in xylene for two minutes and further incubated in ethanol for another two minutes. Rinsing was done on the slides for 30 seconds after the slides were incubated in haematoxylin. Staining and washing was done, followed by soaking in 1% acid alcohol and rins ing. The stained slides were placed for 30 seconds in Scott’s tap to incubate, and thereafter, rinsed before staining them with eosin for a period of 4 minutes. The slides were subsequently placed for 30 seconds in 90% and 100% ethanol to fix them. After the fixation, the slides were put on ethanol for 2 minutes and dried in the air immediately. A drop of DPX medium was applied on fixed slide, preparing it for mounting, covered with cover slip, and a magnification of x400 used to view it. Diagrams focussing on the gastric gland and stomach wall were sketched using a pencil on an A4 paper. Procedure for Preparing SDS-PAGE and Western Blot For the stomach specimen, a protein sample of 48 µL was added into a microfuge with 12 µL of SDS-sample. Molecular weight markers for the assessment of the molecular weights were prepared in advance. To sediment the molecular markers and protein sample, the solutions were spun in a centrifuge for a few minutes. Next, lane 1 of the prepare d SDS-PAGE in electrophoresis apparatus was loaded with 10 µL of the molecular weight markers. Just like molecular weight markers, subsequent wells of the SDS-PAGE were loaded with 25 µL of the protein sample. Then the electrophoresis apparatus was started on a power of 200 volts and left for 45 minutes. After electrophoresis was over, the apparatus was switched off and dismantled, and a demonstrator was used to apply gel on a clean plate. Then the gel was placed on the iBlot device with the aim of assessing the separation of proteins according to their weights. 10uL of distilled water was used in the placement of one gel in iBlot device, which processed it for 7 minutes, and another gel was put in nitrocellulose film. The nitrocellulose membrane was stained using 50mL of 0.1% Ponceau solution and leaving it for 1 minute, which ensured that protein transformation had occurred. To detect sera of patients, the nitrocellulose membrane was labelled.Advertising We will write a c ustom report sample on Pernicious Anaemia: Causes and Curing Procedures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lanes were cut using a pair of scissors and subsequently rinsed using NaOH with an aim of removing stains. The membrane was washed in 50mL of TBS and stored for the subsequent practical, which would include 10mL of Tris-buffer at 40o C. Deionised water was used to clean membranes after they were retrieved from storage. The wash included the following three steps: blocking step involving 5mL of 5% skimmed milk blocking solution; incubation of primary antibody using 2.5mL of patient serum sample or the positive and the negative control; and secondary antibody incubation using 5mL of labelled antibody. The iBlot was put to use again in performing the aforementioned three steps. Consequently, membrane strips were removed from the device and washed with TBS 3 times for a period of five minutes. Several steps were subsequently performed before imaging using the Chemidoc. The results of the test were then uploaded to CloudDeakin. Procedure of Preparing Immuno-Peroxidase of Mouse Stomach As some steps of slides preparation was done beforehand, Incubation was done for 100 µL of serum for 20 minutes because some slide preparation steps had already been completed. Slides were washed using PBS horseradish peroxide, also known as anti-human Ig HRPO, was used to conjugate 50 µL of antibodies by incubating it for 45 minutes. Slides were then washed in PBS and water was used to rinse them before 100 µL of DAB was added, subsequently incubating them for 10 minutes. Before the slides were soaked in haematoxylin for 3 seconds, they were cleaned using PBS. After the cleaning, they were rinsed with water and incubated in ethanol for an approximate 2 minutes. DPX was applied on slides and they were viewed with a microscope magnification of Ãâ€"400. Discussion Discussion: Morphology of the Stomach In order to understand the morphology of the stomach well, the mucosal and sub-mucosal layers of the mouse’s stomach are stained with eosin and haematoxylin as depicted in figure 1. Figure 2 shows gastric gland stained with the same, which together with the other parts are key determinants of the mouse’s stomach morphology.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Irvine (1965) notes, the major feature of pernicious anaemia is the atrophy of mucosal cells for example parietal cells. The latter are responsible for the secretion of gastric acid and intrinsic factor which aid in vitamin B-12 absorption in the end of the small intestine. â€Å"Essentially, parietal cells have the H+/K+-ATPase pump, which consists of beta and alpha subunits† (Rhoades Bell 2008). This is well illustrated in figure 2 whereby the parietal cells are pink stained while the other main cells (chief cells) are dark-pink stained. The chief cells play a significant role of pepsinogen secretion, which catabolizes proteins (Toh et al. 1997). In that case, the physiology of parietal cells and protein catabolism is dependent on the stomach morphology. Discussion: Western Blotting The experiment proved that a western blot technique is effective in determining whether patients are infected with pernicious anaemia. Results from the study were presented on CloudDeakin. I t is however important to mention that the western blot technique did not achieve the desired results in all experiments because its results were spurious. Some membranes in the study lacked bands, while some had patchy or uneven spots as shown in figure 3. Defects in antigens, buffers, or antibodies resulted in interference of definite bands in the membranes. Additionally, use of inappropriate antibodies, either primary or secondary, also resulted in vague bands or no bands at all. Likewise, the use of low concentrations of the antibody also results in invisible bands and lack of antigen or low concentrations of the same leads to an invisible signal. In this regard, it is necessary to use different antigens in order to determine whether invisibility is because of primary and/or secondary antibodies or antigens. The visibility of bands can also be affected by procedures like membrane washing. This is because prolonged washing is likely to diminish signal appearance. Contamination of buffers may also lead to invisible bands, hence the need to preserve their purity during the study (Lahner Annibale, 2009). The western blot procedure should be undertaken in such a way that buffers like TBST, ECL and PBS are not contaminated. The procedure’s transfer of protein component is perhaps the most sensitive because it may be interfered by air bubbles and partial transfer can occur (Andres Serraj, 2012). When such improper protein transfer occurs, then the blot comes out with uneven or patchy spots. In the event of trapped air bubbles within the membranes and gel, the output in film will be dark. Therefore, to prevent bubble formation, one should evenly distribute particles by incubating using a shaker. The results presented in figure 4 were prepared by the technical staff. The H+/K+-ATPase antigen is responsible for triggering an autoimmune disorder (Lahner Annibale, 2009), which interferes with the proper functioning of parietal cells and intrinsic-factor secr etion (Lahner Annibale, 2009). The parietal cells’ autoantibodies act against H+/K+-ATPase, thereby affecting the function of parietal cells, and consequently the occurrence of pernicious anaemia (Andres Serraj, 2012). Structurally, the autoantigen measures an approximate 160 to 190 kDa, with the specific measurement being determined by its constituent protein subunits. The autoantigen is made up of a glycoprotein ÃŽ ²-subunit (60-90 kDa) and a 100 kDa catalytic ÃŽ ±-subunit (Toh et al., 1997). The subunits are the ones that determine the nature of the disorder affecting parietal cells and intrinsic factor secretion. The western blot analysis revealed a fragment of approximately 80 kDa. The fragment is a glycosylated ÃŽ ²- subunit of the H+/K+-ATPase pump because the fragment detected corresponds a 80 kDa molecular marker. In the event of pernicious anaemia, H+/K+-ATPase is the autoantigen that is solely recognizable by parietal-cells antibodies. Therefore, it is vital in d iagnosing pernicious anaemia using western blot (Toh et al., 1997). Evidently, patient 1’s stained strip in figure 4, indicates a positive diagnosis. The size of the autoantibody-bound subunit is approximately 80 kDa that is a glycosylated ÃŽ ²-subunit of the H+/K+-ATPase pump. Therefore, the findings from the western blot procedure confirm that the patient is positive, and that the autoantigen subunit is glycosylated ÃŽ ²- subunit of the H+/K+-ATPase pump. ELISA, which is an acronym for Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, can also be utilized in detecting anti-proton pump antibodies that prove presence of pernicious anaemia in patients. H+/K+-ATPase is the main autoantigen, which is present in pernicious-anaemia patient sera because it induces autoimmune disorder that interferes with parietal cells and thereby inhibits secretion of the intrinsic factor (Lahner Annibale, 2009). When ELISA is used, the autoantigen on the micro titre plate is immobilized, and the serum sample t hat contains anti-proton pump antibodies is combined and incubated with the aforementioned antigen. Serum samples normally have antibodies that are specific to proton pump antigens. This implies that the antibodies bind to the proton pump ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² subunits. Sugiu et. al. explain that proteins and excess antibodies in serum are cleaned and the secondary antibody that is linked to the enzyme, and which is primary-antibody specific, is also added to the micro titre plate. A change in colouration is achieved by the use of the chromogenic substrate, indicating proton-pump antibodies presence. In order to be able to determine the amount of proton pump antibodies in sera by the use of ELISA, the assessment of electrical signal, intensity of colour and fluorescence is necessary. To measure colour intensity in absorbance of luminance, it is a spectrophotometer can be used (Sugiu et al., 2006). This accurately determines the level of proton pump antibodies in the sera. Therefore, determi nation of fluorescence or colour intensity is an important component of qualifying proton pump antibodies. The anti-human IG-HRP conjugate of the sheep is a secondary antibody, which links with the H+/K+ ATPase antigen indirectly because it uses the primary antibody to link to the antigen. Anti-human Ig-HRP is actually an antibody specific to the human Ig production of the antibody, and it results from the immunological response of a sheep to human Ig (Chevrier, Chateauneuf, Guerin Lemieux, 2004). The anti-human Ig is actually a secondary antibody and thus, immune-histochemistry and in western blot, horseradish is used to conjugate it. Horseradish is an enzyme, which catalyses chromogenic substrates. Discussion: Immuno-peroxidase staining of mouse stomach section In this section of the report, emphasis is put on the stomach’s immune-histology to determine whether the patient mouse tests positive or negative for pernicious anaemia. In case of positive results, the antibodies are seen attached on the proton pumps of the parietal cells (Irvine 1965). During this experiment, unknown patients were applied anti-human 1g to the human 1g, which were labelled P1 and P2. From the experiment results, it was depicted that there were no brown stains thus concluding that there was no antibody-attachment on the proton pumps of the parietal cell. The conclusion was that patient 2 had tested negative for pernicious anaemia. On the other hand, patient 1 tested positive for pernicious anaemia because there were brown stains, which indicated antibody-antigen attachment on the proton pumps of the parietal cells. Reference List Andres, E, Serraj, K 2012, ‘Optimal management of pernicious anaemia’, Journal of Blood Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, 97-103. Chevrier, C, Chateauneuf, I, Guerin, M, Lemieux, R 2004, ‘Sensitive detection of human Ig in ELISA using a monoclonal anti-IgG-Peroxidase Conjugate’, Hybrid Hybridomics, vol. 23, no 6, 362-367. Irvine, J 1965, ‘Immunologic Aspects of Pernicious Anaemia’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 432-438. Lahner, E, Annibale, B 2009, ‘Pernicious anaemia: New insights from a gastroenterological point of view’, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 15, no. 41, pp. 5121-5128. Rhoades, A, Bell, R 2008, Medical Physiology principles for clinical medicine. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Sugiu, K, Kamada, T, Ito, M, Kaya, S, Tanaka, A, Kusunoki, H, Haruma, K 2006, ‘Evaluation of an ELISA for detection of antiparietal cell antibody,’ Hepatogastroenterology, vol. 53, no. 67, 11-14. Toh, H, Van Driel, R, Gleeson, A 1997, ‘Pernicious Anaemia’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 20, pp. 1441-1448. This report on Pernicious Anaemia: Causes and Curing Procedures was written and submitted by user Frankl1nR1chards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using Samples of History Essay

Using Samples of History EssayIt is very common to come across students taking History classes where the assignments tend to require students to collect and make use of samples of history essay. This can be a valuable experience, and a great way to get a better feel for writing a paper.However, it is also important to understand that even the best of history papers will usually have some flaws. This can be frustrating, but knowing what these flaws are and how to correct them is vital. Using samples of history essay will help students realize just how important this is.The best place to look for samples of history essay is online. There are many places where one can find a sample essay that can be used as a guide. For example, if one searches for 'A Sample History Paper' on the top of Google, they will see a number of different samples of history essays.Some of these are available for free, while others can be purchased at a price. The websites that offer these samples are usually wel l-organized. Students should be able to quickly get their hands on a decent sample essay. Having one available to study from will help a student to get a feel for writing a decent essay.There are also a number of other sites that offer general guidelines. Some of these include the following: first paragraph should be more than one paragraph long, no more than 3 facts, be brief, and give a brief overview of what you want your paper to say. A student should be able to follow these basic guidelines when looking for samples of history essay.Many students do not realize that essay writing with research aids. The reason being is that they assume that they will write the best piece of history writing by following an outline. While there are templates for doing this, it is still best to learn what makes an outline and how to build a good one.Students can always take a look at examples that are freely available, but those that have their own ideas may not work out as well. This is especially true when looking for samples of history essay that have been written in the past. Past generations tend to write in ways that are different from the way we do.The best way to address this is to use examples that have a general outline. This way a student can follow along without too much trouble. Looking for samples of history essay may be a useful experience for students that are in need of one.

LDH Purification lab Report Essays

LDH Purification lab Report Essays LDH Purification lab Report Paper LDH Purification lab Report Paper OLD was purified from the ammonium sulfate precipitated protein mixture by affinity chromatography and its activity was studied by spectrophotometers determination of NADIA at 340 NM. From Pierce BCC assay of crude homogenate, initial protein concentration was shown to be 100 MGM/ml. The final protein concentration of the pooled affinity sample was shown to be 0. 2 MGM/ml. It was found that the total specific activity of OLD was 58. 5 mol/min/MGM, and yield of 0. 6%. Even though we were successful in purifying OLD enzyme, further steps can be taken to increase the yield. Materials and Methods Cell Lysine and Extraction of OLD: Approximately 40 g of minced chicken breast eat (40. 327 g) is blended with ml cold extraction buffer in four 30-seconds bursts for homogenate of the muscle tissue. The extraction buffer contained mm Tries-HCI (pH-7. 4), mm 2-Merchantable, mm Phenylmethylsulfonylflouride (AMPS), 1 mm Ethylene Dianne attracted acid (EDIT). The homogeneities procedure was carried out in the cold room to prevent the denomination of proteins. The homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000 RPM for 20 minutes at 40 C. The supernatant was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth to remove lipids from the supernatant. The total volume was noted and three 0. Ml aliquots (crude extract) were stored at -200 C. Ammonium sulfate precipitation: 60% ammonium sulfate concentration was used to precipitate proteins. 0. 39 g of ammonium sulfate per ml of the supernatant was added gradually to the supernatant for 15-20 min with continuous gentle stirring at 40 C. The mixture was centrifuged for 20 minutes at 1 5,000 RPM at 40 C. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was stored at -200 c. Dialysis: Ammonium precipitation leads to high concentration of salts in protein mixture that can interfere with further purification steps. In order to remove excess salts, dialysis was performed. The pellet was suspended in Tries-AMPS buffer (10 rim Tries-HCI, pH 8. 6, 0. 5 mm 2-Merchantable, and mm ratio of EDIT) and mixed very gently until it dissolved at 40 C. Volume of ml protein mixture was added in the dialysis tubing and incubated twice overnight with two IL buffer changes (Same buffer as extraction buffer that was used for cell lysine). After two incubation, protein mixture was responded gently and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 15,RPM at ICC. Pellet was discarded, total volume of supernatant was noted and three 0. 1 ml aliquots were collected. Affinity Chromatography: Isobaric Blue column was used to separate OLD from the other proteins. Ml fractions were collected in thirteen test tubes. Column was first rinsed with Tries-AMPS buffer followed by addition of protein mixture. Then, ml AND Buffer (mm Tries-HCI pH-8. 6, 0. Mm 2-Merchantable, mm Lithium acetate and 1 mm AND+) was added followed by NADIA (mm Its- HCI PH 8. 6, mm NADIA and 0. Mm 2-Merchantable). Between each steps, column was washed with ml Tries-AMPS Buffer. Each fraction was subjected to absorbency reading of Mann. For absorbency above 1. NM, 1:10 dilutions were carried out. Activity Assay: We used OLD Enzyme assay to measure the amount of OLD activity in our protein mixture. OLD catalysts the conversion of lactate to private and AND+ to NADIA. The NADI A can be determined spectrophotometers at 340 NM. The OLD assay was performed in the crude homogenate, desalted fraction and six peak fractions from the Isobaric blue column. A cocktail solution was prepared by mixing lactate stock solution (120 rim lithium lactate, 10 mm Tries-HCI; pH 8. 6), AND+ stock solution (12 mm AND+, 10 mm Tries HCI; pH 8. 6) and bicarbonate stock solution (18 mm Enhance, 0. 5 M Nasal) in the ratio of in cavetti. 0 micrometers of the sample is then added and the assay absorption is measured at Mann. If absorbency was above 1. 5, samples were diluted. Protein Assay: The Pierce BCC Protein Assay (Thermo Scientific) is a detergent- compatible formulation based on bioscience acid (BCC) for the colorimetric detection and quantization of total protein concentration. A series of standard solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BAS) ranging from 0-2000 pig/ml was prepared from a stock solution of 2 MGM/ml BAS. Lull of diluted crude (1:500, 1 :250), desalted (1:100, 1:50), and 6 peak fractions from isobaric blue column (1:10, 1:5) ere loaded in microscope along with lull of BCC working reagent. Microscope was incubated for mini at ICC and then the absorbency was measured at Mann. Results/Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to extract and purify OLD enzyme from chicken muscle tissue using a variety of techniques including homogeneities, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and affinity chromatography. Activity and Protein assay were used to track the overall amount of OLD present in the samples. Crude Extraction: Chicken muscle tissue was homogeneity in a blender with cold extraction buffer in order to else cells, releasing OLD into slurry of tissue monuments. Centrifugation separated membranes, nuclei, and other large cellular components to a pellet leaving a supernatant of crude product. Controlling temperature was a major consideration after homogeneities since not only did this step releases proteins like OLD from the cell, but it also releases proteases that can now interact to degrade the OLD. Keeping samples on ice, pre-cooling the buffer, and avoiding excess kinetic energy through conservative blending were methods used to minimize activity of these proteases. After filtration through cheesecloth, our final volume of crude homogenate sample ml, much more volume than expected. Addition of more than ml of buffer volume could have increased the volume. Other possible explanation is that more solid components such as fats were present in the sample and hence, more than 20 minutes of centrifugation was required. Desalted Sample: 60% ammonium sulfate is added to the crude extract that precipitates OLD proteins. The resulting 40% pellet theoretically contains most of the original OLD, which is re-suspended in very less volume (ml) to create a more concentrated sample. This process leads to high concentration of salts in rotten mixture that can interfere with subsequent purification steps. Ml protein mixture underwent dialysis procedure that removes excess salts and our final volume after dialysis was ml. One possible explanation for increase in our volume could be that extraction buffer got mixed with protein mixture either due to tubing leaking or tubing clips not being properly tightened. Affinity Chromatography: Isobaric Blue column is an affinity column, which is specific to dehydrogenate type proteins, due to a compound structurally similar to NADIA being attached covalently attached to the column. 13 fractions were elected and absorbency was measured at Mann to check presence of OLD protein in the fractions. 1:10 dilution was performed if absorbency reading was above 1. NM since it spectrographically indicates saturation and less than 1% light reaching the detector. During the addition of protein mixture (fraction# 4), high absorbency reading of NM was obtained (Fig. 1). This could be due to lot of non-dehydrogenate-type proteins present in our sample that got eluted first during affinity chromatography. Second peak was seen after AND+ was added since AND solution results in the removal of the loosely bound protein. Third peak was seen after NADIA was added since NADIA solution results in release of maximum OLD proteins (Fig l) Enzyme Activity Assay: The OLD activity was measured spectrophotometers by measuring the absorbency of NADIA at 340 NM. Three peak fractions were selected for this assay based on their absorbency values obtained after adding AND+ (fraction# 6, 7, 8) and other three after adding NADIA in the affinity chromatography step (fraction# 10, 1 1 , 12). A huge activity of 141 mol/min/ml was seen at fraction# 7(PUFF ) which indicated that we had lot of proteins present in our sample. Second peak activity was seen t fraction indicating that more OLD proteins is present in this fraction than in fraction# 11 (PUFF) (fig. 1). Based on this information, we selected fraction #10 as for our protein assay. Desalted showed highest activity among all the samples (Tablet ) possible due to errors occurring during dialysis explained previously. Figure 1. Absorbency readings of eluted obtained from affinity chromatography with OLD activity for 6 peak fractions. The desalted fraction was loaded to the Isobaric blue column and proteins were eluted with Tries-AMPS, AND+ and NADIA wash subsequently. The absorbency at 280 NM of eluted were measured after ACH collected fractions. The OLD activity was calculated from the absorbency values obtained at Mann. Protein Assay: We used BCC Pierce Assay to determine protein concentrations in our protein mixture. BAS standard curve was created for series of dilutions ranging from 0-2000 pig/ml and linear graph equation was used to calculate protein concentrations for the samples (Table 1). Based on Table 1, with each subsequent purification step, protein concentration decreases as sample become more concentrated with only OLD protein. Specific activity should increase and total activity should decrease with very purification step as samples get less and less diluted.

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Informative on Islam People - Research Paper Example Islam is not just a religion; in fact, it is a complete way of life which teaches Muslims peace, mercy and forgiveness (Mawdudi 1975). Islam is a relatively new religion as compared to the other religions of the world. Muslims believe that the Holy Prophet was the last prophet and there were many before him starting from Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and many more. The Holy Prophet was born in Makah and became the prophet at the age of 40. He was a pious man who had to face many persecutions in order to propagate the word of god. He faced persecutions because Islam taught equality amongst all and people of Makah were not willing to accept that. During his life, he propagated Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. He led his life by example. Today’s Muslims try to follow the footsteps of the Holy Prophet, which is called the Sunnah. They try to live their lives like him in order succeed in the world hereafter. Hadith, the sayings of the Holy Prophet, also provid es Muslims with guidance for how to go about different endeavors. Religions are dogmatic in nature and Islam provides a complete guideline for how to go about our lives in the form of the Holy Quran, Sunnah and Hadith (Understanding Islam and Muslims). Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the word of the Almighty Allah himself. ... mplete code of life as instructed by Allah and serves as an authentic guideline to Muslims when in need of guidance for economic system, just system, and proper human conduct, therefore, Muslims hold the Holy Quran in the highest regard. Every religion has some basic principles, in Islam; they are called the 5 pillars of Islam. Every Muslim must abide by these principles in order to be a proper Muslims. Firstly, the Shahadah, a person must recite and accept this in order to become a Muslim. It shows that person has submitted to the Almighty Allah. Second, Salat (prayer), all Muslims are to pray to god five times a day in order to get forgiveness and get close to Him. There is no hierarchical order in Islam so a learned person, the Imam, leads the congregational prayers. Third, Zakat (alms giving), all Muslims must give 2.5% of their income to the needy. By doing so, one purifies one’s income and has great benefits for the society as well. Fourth, Saum (fasting), every Muslim m ust fast in the month of Ramadan; it helps one become more resilient and also realize what the less privileged suffer from. Fifth, Hajj (pilgrimage), during the month of Ramadan, Muslims from all over the world travel to Makah to perform the hajj ceremony. This is only obligatory if the person is able to afford the trip. Muslims must perform these obligations to become true Muslims (Understanding Islam and Muslims). There are 1.57 billion Muslims of all ages in the world today which is about 23% of the global population. Muslims are divided into 2 major sects: Shiites and Sunnis. Even though their prayer practices are different, but their belief is still the same and worship Allah (Comparison Chart: Christianity and Islam). Islam and Christianity are the two most populous religions in the world.

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Hsc module c - Essay Example It is imperative to recognize that different countries have varied political structures. Therefore, people are represented differently in different countries. In essence, it is essential to study the politics of different nations to identify the dynamisms in politics. The society is usually stratified into political, socio-cultural and economic aspects. The socio-cultural aspect entails the people’s way of life and the organization of social institutions. The economic aspect is concerned about the people’s source of livelihood. The primary focus in the economic division is how people earn a living. Finally, the political organ deals with leadership and administration of services in the country. In essence, the political organ affects the operation of the other divisions and, therefore, emerges as a sensitive aspect (Reynolds, 2000). Apparently, all people cannot be involved directly in leadership and, therefore, representatives have to be chosen from the general population. Essentially, there exist numerous ways that can be used to choose political leaders from the general population. For instance, the leaders are chosen through elections or appointments. The Australian government operates a democratic government where all eligible candidates are offered a level ground to participate in the country’s leadership. In most case, people representation in politics is facilitated by the general elections. In this case, the citizens are allowed to participate in the general elections and elect leaders of their choice. The elected leaders become representatives of the common citizens in the political arena. All the political decisions made by the elected and appointed members reflects on the ideas of the general population of the country. Therefore, the elected leaders act as the custodians of the interests of t he local people and thereby their actions significantly influence the operations of