Cold War Timeline

Public Smoking Ban In The UK Free Essays

Smoking is a significant salary to the administration; it achieves in à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½10 billion pounds every year. The administration has continued to raise the expense pace of tobacco over the expansion rate from 1993 to the current day, this was actualized to help diminish utilization further. This strategy has come about that charge on tobacco in the UK is among the most elevated on the planet and a long ways in front of any of those in other EU part states. We will compose a custom paper test on Open Smoking Ban In The UK or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now For instance the cost of a run of the mill pack of cigarettes in the UK is as of now à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½5.54, while in Belgium the cost is about à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½2.70 and in Latvia they retail at an insignificant 42p. The expense to the NHS of smoking related sicknesses is for the most part not accepted to exceed the pay the administration makes out of tobacco deals. The administration is as a rule extremely two-faced of themselves on the grounds that a lot of open cash originates from the assessment of cigarettes and yet the legislature is attempting to stop individuals structure smoking by restricting individuals to smoke in broad daylight places and furthermore with adverts on TV asking individuals to quit smoking. There has been a great deal of resistance to the smoking boycott of which the contentions have been that the boycott will be heartbreaking to little bars that depend on smokers to keep their business above water. Little bar landowners have said that they will free fundamental exchange from individuals who typically go out to the bar to have a smoke and a 16 ounces who presently will remain at home rather and smoke and drink there. A thump on impact of the financial down turn is seen to be lost positions over the business and rising bar costs as landowners would have no real option except to sponsor their loss of business by expanding costs. The conclusion of bars would eventually bring about an absence of decision for the client. Individuals who are still against the boycott contend elective strategies for how to lessen the wellbeing effect of latent smoking. The presentation of the utilization of ventilation is viewed by some as a sufficient arrangement all alone. A few respondents are emphatically of the supposition that ventilation expels all the hurtful impacts of smoking from the air. Assigned smoking regions out in the open spots are have recently been utilized before the smoking boycott became effective in different shopping centers, eateries and clubs. Individuals didn't gripe about these smoking regions, of which individuals who needed to smoke could do as such back to front of the method of others who would not like to smoke. Individuals against the smoking boycott contend that different assigned smoking territories with great ventilation is a superior elective at that point restricting smoking in broad daylight puts inside and out. The administration doesn’t need to stop there with forbidding smoking. They have nearly prohibited the privileges of individuals to smoke in their own vehicle. The law presently expresses that if the driver is smoking and doesn't have full control of the vehicle the driver can be indicted for smoking while at the same time driving. This is an augmentation of the ebb and flow law which is that the driver must have full control of the vehicle consistently. What I don't comprehend is that why the administration feels that they currently must have a different law to cover smoking while at the same time driving, does that not additionally go under the law that expresses that the driver must have full control of the vehicle consistently? There have now likewise been discussions that a law is attempting to be passed to stop grown-ups smoking in their own vehicle while a youngster is available, is this trying to say to the country that they can't care for their own kids? Ibi from Birmingham believes that restricting smoking is a route for the legislature to remove the entirety of our good times. â€Å"This appears to be alright yet doesnt any other individual stress over this being a dangerous incline. To begin with, no smoking out in the open spots, at that point no smoking by any means, at that point no drinking, no yelling, no chuckling, no talking and no good times. Also, when this is completely done they will discover another thing to boycott. What's more, im a non smoker.† Howard John Dell from Chelmsford concurs that the cash made by the administration from smokers is too high to even consider ignoring the privileges of one of its greatest cash creators. â€Å"I don't concur with an all out prohibition on smoking. It is my entitlement to smoke and the administration make a lot of cash from my smoking through charges which effectively pays for any wellbeing cost tot he NHS.† Colin McEwan from Edinburgh concurs that the smoking boycott could have greater monetary results than we might suspect. â€Å"The Scottish government is drafting its own guidelines in regards to smoking and is by all accounts bowed on an all out boycott. This, in my view is out of line right now. I work in Ireland where such a boycott has, I accept, diminished bar deals considerably in certain regions and has cost numerous employments. I have no issue with the contention that individuals must not be exposed to latent smoking. Be that as it may, the other options, for example, assigned smoking regions with legitimate ventilation have not been appropriately thought of. Sure it will be hard to execute appropriately however the ‘Ban it everywhere’ detachment doesn't appear to be keen on the rationale †¦ just the principle.† The smoking boycott creases to be bolstered by a lot more non-smokers than smokers. I feel that since smokers are a minority here, the dominant part have won their case out and out. There creases to be more appropriate elective strategies than the restricting of smoking openly puts totally. I believe that the restricting of smoking openly puts was an approach set up by the administration to attempt to win the votes of most of individuals since individuals had lost confidence in the present government due to the as of now fruitless attack of Iraq. Instructions to refer to Public Smoking Ban In The UK, Papers

Knowledge is power Essay

â€Å"A man without information resembles an idol† â€Nidhi So information is life and it offers capacity to individual which makes him unique in relation to the next living life form Knowledge as indicated by Oxford word reference is ‘’Facts, data, and abilities obtained through understanding or training; the hypothetical or reasonable comprehension of a subject’’ â€Å"No criminal, anyway dexterous, can deny one of information, and that is the reason information is the best and most secure fortune to acquire.† ― L. Straight to the point Baum. The Lost Princess of Oz, so the best fortune of life is information It is just by information we can recognize among good and bad. On the off chance that a creature execute an individual we state it’s on the grounds that it has no information yet on the off chance that a person slaughters a person, at that point the individual is rebuffed as person has the information that he ought not murder other people Abhimanyu was the child of Arjuna and Subhadra. Su bhadra was the sister of Sri Krishna. He use to advise her of the war methods once when Abhimanyu was still in the belly. He was advising her of how to break the difficulties of chakra-vyuha yet she rested off however While Subhadra snoozed off, Abhimanyu proceeded to deliberately follow Sri Krishna’s story of the Chakra-vyuha. In any case, subsequent to talking for quite a while and not getting any reaction from Subhadra, Sri Krishna understood that she was appreciating a sweet snooze. Sri Krishna, who had at that opportunity arrive up to the seventh step of the Chakra-vyuha, surrendered his portrayal and came back with Subhadra to the royal residence. The appalling Abhimanyu would never acquire the procedure of breaking all the circles in the chakra-vyuha, however whatever he had heard Sri Krishna state, he painstakingly protected in his memory. He grew up to be a daring, attractive youngster. Numerous years after the fact, during the Mahabharata war at Kurukshetra, the Kauravas set up a Chakra-vyuha and provoked the Pandavas to approach and break it. Be that as it may, just Arjuna knew the pro cedure of doing as such however he was battling somewhere else. At that stage, to spare the respect of the Pandavas, Abhimanyu approached and offered his administrations for the undertaking of breaking the chakra-vyuha. In spite of his fragmented information on the procedure he entered the lattice and conquered one hover after another until he went to the seventh one, the breaking of which he had no information. Daring and aspiring he was however futile as he had no information. By this we can arrive at the resolution that information is force and halfâ knowledge can be perilous We must be cautious in this world when we live as we read about Abhimanyu there are numerous individuals with this half information and it very well may be extremely hazardous that even it can place our life in chance Mahatma Gandhi says of â€Å"Seven Deadly Sins and one among that is Knowledge without character Man needs to go through his time on earth to get information yet it ought to be to spare the world and not to obliterate it as atomic vitality is useful for ma n use yet on the off chance that it is utilized for war it can end ruin the entire world in division of seconds, as the dropping of atomic bomb during second universal war has its agony even today in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Knowledge assumes a significant job in all circles of human life and action. It is a ground-breaking factor which causes man to accomplish achievement, force and position throughout everyday life. There is no uncertainty that physical quality and cash are instruments of intensity. A man who is truly solid or whose tote is full orders control over others yet the intensity of information is as yet more prominent. Information guides his activities and empowers him to discover the distinction among good and bad, great and terrible. It encourages him beat his shortcoming and blames and face risks and challenges with mental fortitude and certainty. It gives him mental, good and profound progression. Other than this, it is through information that man has picked up authority over nature. Man is genuinely more vulnerable than numerous creatures. He can't run quick as quick as a jaguar. He can't see the extent that a bird can. His feeling of smell is more fragile than that of a pooch. He can't convey as substantial loads as certain helper animals trouble do. He can't battle tigers and lions with his exposed hands. However he has figured out how to turn into the most remarkable animal on earth. His capacity originates from information. The individuals who have wide-scope of information and experience can catch force and impact. The ownership of information gives them an unmistakable favorable position over the semi instructed individuals. Half information is viewed as ‘the revile of god’ and furthermore it is more terrible than numbness. He investigated land, water and space by temperance of his insight. Man has gained ground in all fields beginning from science, innovation to expressions and so on. Information invigorated man the sentiment of and power. Information creates human resources. It prompts the greatness of the psyche. It empowers one to give sound judgment. Instruction and information are alluring for popular government. We should attempt to spread the information base in all fields in the majority. In Indian rustic scene, the information levels about family, school instruction, issues of lady. youngster raising and other social issues are veryâ poor. Lack of education and social backwardness consolidate to put the country masses at the less than desirable end. Absence of information prompts neediness and nonappearance of strategies for profitability and financial success. This endless loop proceeds. Restriction, resilience, comprehension and ability to oversee undertakings accompany information. On the off chance that information is granted to our country kids, youth, ladies and men, they would develop as the significant social force. There is no limit to the picking up of information, It is just the stupid man who thinks he knows it all. Current information is perplexing and wide is degree The officer, the man of the blade, thought he was the ace; yet he was truly in the hands of the minister, the man of the pen. The pen was mightier than the blade. It was the equivalent in antiquated India. The scholarly Brahmins were for a very long time the genuine leaders of Indian States. They overwhelmed the lower, uninformed stations; and their insight empowered them to deal with the Rajas and Maharajas. Information isn't the property of the rich. No class has its restraining infrastructure over it. Any individual who endures in this undertaking may exceed expectations the others. It's anything but a thing to be purchased with wealth. Like riches or excellence, it doesn't drop in an incentive by time. Information is power since all the force on the planet owes to it. The intensity of information has demonstrated its matchless quality over everything. All in all, nothing profited the humanity more than information. A goliath transport motor fizzled. The ship’s proprietors attempted one master after another, however none of them could figure yet how to fix the motor. At that point they got an elderly person who had been fixing ships since he was a youthful. He conveyed an enormous pack of apparatuses with him, and when he showed up, he quickly went to work. He reviewed the motor cautiously, start to finish. Two of the ship’s proprietors were there, watching this man, trusting he would recognize what to do. In the wake of looking things over, the elderly person ventured into his sack and pulled out a little mallet. He tenderly tapped something. In a split second, the motor swayed into life. He deliberately set his mallet aside. The motor was fixed! After seven days, the proprietors got a bill from the elderly person for ten thousand dollars. â€Å"What?!† the proprietors shouted. â€Å"He scarcely did anything!† So they composed the elderly person a note saying, â€Å"Please send us an organized bill.† The man sent a bill that read: Tapping with a hammer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $ 2.00 Knowing where to tap†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $ 9,998.00 Exertion is significant, yet realizing where to put forth an attempt has a significant effect!

Quotes From The Stranger by Albert Camus

Statements From The Stranger by Albert Camus The Stranger is a renowned novel by Albert Camus, who expounded on existential subjects. The story is a first-individual account, through the eyes of Meursault, an Algerian. Here are a couple of statements from The Stranger, isolated by section. Section 1, Chapter 1 Maman kicked the bucket today. Or then again yesterday perhaps, I dont know. I got a message from the home: Mother expired. Burial service tomorrow. Dependably yours. That doesnt mean anything. Perhaps it was yesterday. It had been quite a while since Id been out in the nation, and I could feel the amount Id appreciate taking a walk on the off chance that it hadnt been for Maman. Section 1, Chapter 2 It happened to me that at any rate one more Sunday was over that Maman was covered now, that I was returning to work, and that, extremely, nothing had changed. Section 1, Chapter 3 He inquired as to whether I suspected she was undermining him, and it appeared to me she was; on the off chance that I figured she ought to be rebuffed and what I would do in his place, and I said you cant ever be certain, however I comprehended his needing to rebuff her. I got up. Raymond gave me an exceptionally strong handshake and said that men consistently see one another. I left his room, shutting the entryway behind me, and delayed for a moment in obscurity, on the arrival. The house was tranquil, and a breath of dull, moist air drifted p from somewhere down in the flight of stairs. Everything I could hear was the blood beating in my ears. I remained there, still. Section 1, Chapter 4 She was wearing a couple of my night wear with the sleeves moved up. At the point when she giggled I needed her once more. A moment later she inquired as to whether I cherished her. I revealed to her it didnt mean anything other than that I didnt think so. She looked tragic. In any case, as we were fixing lunch, and for no clear explanation, she giggled so that I kissed her. Section 1, Chapter 5 I would prefer not have disturbed him, yet I couldnt see any motivation to completely change me. Thinking back on it, I wasnt troubled. At the point when I was an understudy, I had heaps of aspirations like that. However, when I needed to surrender my examinations I learned rapidly that none of it truly made a difference. Section 1, Chapter 6 Just because perhaps, I truly thought I would get hitched. Section 2, Chapter 2 Around then, I regularly imagined that on the off chance that I had needed to live in the storage compartment of a dead tree, with nothing to do except for gaze toward the sky streaming overhead, gradually I would have become accustomed to it. Section 2, Chapter 3 Without precedent for years, I had this moronic inclination to cry, since I could feel how much every one of these individuals loathed me. I had this dumb inclination to cry, since I could feel how much every one of these individuals abhorred me. The observers giggled. What's more, my legal advisor, moving up one of his sleeves, said with conclusiveness, Here we have an ideal impression of this whole preliminary: everything is valid and nothing is valid! They had before them the basest of violations, a wrongdoing aggravated than corrupt by the way that they were managing a beast, a man without ethics. Section 2, Chapter 4 In any case, throughout the entire the discourses, all the relentless days and hours that individuals had spent discussing my spirit, had left me with the impression of a dull twirling stream that was making me discombobulated. I was pounced upon by recollections of an actual existence that wasnt mine any longer, yet one in which Id found the easiest and most enduring delights. He needed to converse with me about God once more, yet I went up to him and made one final endeavor to disclose to him that I just made some little memories left and I didnt need to squander it on God.

How to Develop a Code of Conduct for Your Company

How to Develop a Code of Conduct for Your Company WHAT IS A CODE OF CONDUCT AND WHY IS EVERYONE TALKING ABOUT IT?You probably heard about it…Serious companies nowadays cannot be imagined without their comprehensive codes of conduct.The surprising thing about these optimistic manifestos?Some of these happened to have quite massive practical influence!Google, Coca Cola, Ikea… Virtually all relevant companies have detailed and worked out codes of business conduct.And what’s even more important: They all try pretty hard to comply with principles stated in those seemingly irrelevant documents.What does this mean? Can this code of conduct be a legally binding document?No. This is not labor law or anything…The term refers to companies policy statements which define ethical standards for their business conduct.In other words, a code stipulates company’s values, missions and goals.For sure, the code may also touch upon more specific situations which may arise at the work place, hence, provide guidance on how to proceed (e.g. unethi cal behavior, mobbing, sexual harassment, thefts etc.).When it comes to big, influential companies, they DO pay attention to the principles stated in their codes. The main reason? Reputation and image.These companies are aware of their huge social and economic impact…Code of conduct serves to attest their ethical intentions. Failing to comply with such intentionsSuch failure can have a massive influence and sometimes even, fatally ruin a company’s image.Speaking of smaller companies, their code of conduct is NOT all that INFLUENTIAL.It is a useful tool, for sure, but it probably will not trigger such drastic results as within huge corporations.That be said…You may have been told you need a code of conduct or thought about it yourself but are not actually sure you want to invest time and/or money into its drafting.Do you really need it?A very general and rough estimate: you don’t really need it in this exact form if your company is very small, hence, employees less than 20 pe ople overall.Nevertheless, bear in mind that some ethical issues may have an even greater impact in smaller companies…To give an example: Think of romantic relationships at the work place. Imagine what a bad break up or even potential sexual harassment lawsuit could do to a small business… In a company with relatively small turnover and intimate working climate?The impact could prove much more significant than in big companies!Plus, you should definitely think of having a code if your company operates under strict liabilities policies or its operations have potentially high social/environmental influence.In such cases, companies size should not be the decisive factor.The thing is that all companies have some kind of policies and rules!A code of conduct is simple, rather general codification of the most important ones.Ultimately, it is up to you to decide how important policies are to be communicated within the company…A code may simply put more emphasis on those values you pra ise the most.And having decided you need a code of conduct… where do you start?STEP 1: INITIATE THE DRAFTOk, so you want it, you know you need it and your first question probably is:Who, in the god’s name should draft this thing?Let me answer some of FAQs here:Do I need a lawyer? Can I do it myself? Is this a whole team action, meaning all employees need to pitch in?IT DEPENDS!It depends on the company, on the impact you strive this conduct to have, how skilled you are with drafting of such documents, company regulations etc.Let’s start with a few general information:You do not need a lawyer.Consulting a lawyer could make sense if:you are a big company,your business has major influence of social or environmental kind, or you are a company bound by strict liability policies. (the list is not exclusive)In such cases, you may want to make sure your internal documents and guidelines are precise and work in your favor.In other cases, a lawyer should not be necessary since, as previ ously mentioned, code of conduct is not a legally binding document.You can do it (if you are up to the task).If you trust yourself with doing this, have some writing experience and perceive drafting of this code as a fun task rather than a real obligation, I don’t see a reason why you could not do it yourself.The thing is that it takes time and energy which are the exact things leadership is usually lacking.In the recent years, many companies transferred this obligation to the HR section, so this may be an idea…(If possible) the whole leadership should be on it.Why the WHOLE LEADERSHIP?Because this provides consistency, support for the document and most importantly, demonstrates unity among company’s leading people.And think about this… Aren’t these some of the very goals you wish to achieve by drafting the code?You don’t want someone from the leadership turning against the code and saying he/she hasn’t agreed to it from the very start…You especially do not want this scenario to happen the moment you wish to invoke the code and force someone to comply with it.Therefore, leadership, stakeholders, managing partners… the more relevant people you get to agree and sign the code, the better. As for the employees…Relax… drafting of the code should not be a team event.Nevertheless, it does make sense to get as many insights and pitches from the side of employees as possible…Why this, you may ask?Well, this code should serve as a guideline for everyone in the company, right?That be said, it should WORK IN PRACTICE, not only sound nice.And although you may think you know everything that is going on in the company… You could be wrong.You may fail to address some of employees major issues or struggles, due to simply not knowing about them.On another note, having a signature of employee’s representative may add up an extra impact and by letting employees in on the process, you may immediately strengthen their dedication to the code which is kind of the point.To sum up: The sole drafting process does not have to include lawyers, should lie upon the agreement of the whole leadership and should consider the standing of employees.Who puts it in words, you, HR or a third-party remains at the discretion of a specific company.And now that we have formalities settled…STEP 2: DECIDE ON COMPANY’S CORE VALUES.In the document itself, you start with the important stuff…The first question you should ask yourself is:Why do I need a code of conduct?Do you want people to know RULES? Good, transparency. People like knowing what they CAN and CANNOT DO. And even if they have been told something… they oftentimes really like to see it in writing too.You want to stress out some of COMPANIES GOALS (e.g. environmental goals, charities, fairness etc.)? Ok, goals give perspective and can guide the employees through some tough decisions they encounter in the everyday company setting.You strive to achieve friendly and productive WORKING CLIMAT E? Productivity equals profits and it is a fact: people are more productive when working in a friendly atmosphere where they feel comfortable and safe.All of these can be considered company’s values and all these KEY WORDS (among others) make the CORE OF THE CONDUCT.Basically, code of conduct demonstrates how employees, customers, partners, and suppliers can expect to be treated by a concrete company.And that is where you start! You start by elaborating on what your company stands for and the purpose of the conduct.An example:Company X strives to conduct business with honesty and integrity, and in compliance with the law. Code of Business Conduct provides guidance on the handling of ethical issues and the promotion of an ethical culture.(An example inspired by Coca Cola code of conduct)Think of this as an introduction, preamble…Make it clear and concise.It doesn’t have to be specific. Details will be communicated in the material part of the document.So since we got through the chit chat, let’s start with actual tips on how to draft the MATERIAL part of the code…STEP 3: WHAT TO INCLUDE IN THE ‘BODY’ OF THE CODE?Ok, before getting to all necessary and unnecessary details, my suggestion to you would be to take a look at some of the examples of successful codes of business conduct (you can find one of the examples below).When scouting for inspiration, it may make sense to focus on the companies operating in your field or with the size similar to the one of your company.I am stressing this because every company has its specifics, meaning that it values certain principles more than others.Every code is a document for itself, however, there seems to be a general agreement regarding points which should be included in it:ValuesValues govern the company’s functioning and its decision making on all levels.What we often hear nowadays are buzz words such as: fairness, transparency, responsibility, credibility, diligence, aspiration, commitment, etc.By menti oning these in a code, a company dedicates itself to adhere to these values regardless of the situation and outcome, on all levels and all locations of its business.Example:The values that guide our decision-making are spelled out in our Code of Conduct. Put simply, our Code of Conduct challenges us to put the needs and well-being of the people we serve first. (Example inspired by JJ Credo)As you see, this part is, indeed, quite general but it serves the purpose of providing certain ultimate, unbreakable principles which remain binding for the company regardless of the situation.In an ideal case, a company should strive to provide some guidance on its INDIVIDUAL DEFINITION OF ITS VALUES.What is diligence, what is aspirational thinking etc…Explaining this in the code itself may not always be possible but in this case, a company should strive to provide guidance by developing practical tools, such as handbooks, case studies, best practices and/or organizing workshops.Guiding princip lesGuiding principles determine company’s modus operandi.Gender, social, religious equality; prohibition of all kinds of discrimination, opened and respectful treatment of employees throughout the whole supply chain, fairness and best quality for customers and partners etc.These principles are similar to values but are slightly more precise and concrete. They focus on specific ethical or practical issues of the modern business and demonstrate the position of a company in this regard.They can be more precise, e.g.:strict anti-bribery policy instead of a rather general statement, such as ‘adhering to the laws of the country’.It really is up to you how you phrase it…the idea remains the same:When in doubt on how to proceed in a potentially tricky situation, principles stated in the code should be able to provide guidance and help employees make best possible decision.A go to person or an officeThis person should be contact point for all questions, uncertainties or potential bre aches of obligation resulting from the code.Being a fairly general document, people will have questions about it.They may want to clarify a potentially tricky situation, file a complaint or report a potential misconduct…In case this happens, they need to know whom to go to, right?Therefore, one of the essential steps of drafting a code of conduct (and making it actually come to life) is coming up with a person responsible and capable of dealing with these technical matters.Very important…100% confidentiality is a must!Apart from this, you may also want to come up with a frequently asked questions and answers, hence, make these accessible for everyone in the company.I know this can be an extremely boring task but trust me… You will save yourself a lot of time and efforts by coming up with this QA section.Penalties and consequencesFor cases of breaches of commitments resulting from the code… Because you’ll probably have this as well!Strictly prescribed penalties provide clar ity and motivate people to obey rules resulting from the code.Many people may decide to comply with it because it is a decent thing to do and because it simply makes sense but there is no guarantee everybody will.For this less obedient group, there is only one way to go.Furthermore, many may regard penalties section as a proof of documents importance.This section may also get employees to comply with the rules without objecting too much or simply get them to think twice when conducting their everyday business.Last but not least, if a penalty is, indeed, invoked, it is always better to have a written legal ground which entitles such measures.Internal measures or not, it is always better to be on the safe side, right?ChecklistTo sum up, I provide you with a general overview of certain points which ought to be mentioned and elaborated in the code:Integrity and business ethics (see the guiding principles section)confidentialityRespectful treatment and prevention of harassment/mobbingcon flict of interests policyprotection of the brandwhere to ask questions and get an advicepunitive measures in case of a breach of obligations from the codeTIP 1: BE GENERAL AS POSSIBLE BUT MENTION KEY POINTSAnd this is very important!You want to cover all relevant areas but do not want to kill the reader with too many details.Once again, this is not a legal document and one of the most important features of a good code of conduct must be its SIMPLICITY.Or imagine it this way…It should be drafted in a way, that an average employee, without any legal knowledge can understand and comply with it.Reader friendly, you know?You should include above mentioned key points but don’t go into too many details.Let me give an example:Bribery in all forms is strictly forbidden.This is ok. What you should not be writing is something like this:Bribery in any form will not be tolerated. A definition of bribery is… Behavior and actions which could be perceived as bribery include (extensive list of actions)…I think you get the picture…A code should not strive to cover all issues a regular employee may encounter on a daily basis.It may be wise to remember that you, in fact, cannot cover all issues or dilemmas which may arise which is exactly why you shouldn’t attempt this in the first place.In order to achieve this goal, it may make sense to assign a go to person or the whole office which would be able to deal with questions, troubles and complaints on a case by case basis.A code should literally serve as a benchmark to help people become more sensitive, notice potential misconducts and potentially, encourage them to report them.It is for this reason that many big companies put a kind of a disclaimer at the very beginning, owing up to the fact they’ll never be able to cover all major ethical or god forbid, practical issues which may arise.Still, this only means they give up the intention to anticipate everything, not the intention to fight potential misconducts as they come across them.One final note:Skip the legal terms. Don’t miss the point… This document should really be as accessible and understandable as possible.One of the most famous codes of conduct, the one of Google, gained its significance for one reason only:It has proved to be easily understandable for everyone.Therefore, while drafting your own code, make this your mission as well…For the people to the people.TIP 2: INCLUSION OF EMPLOYEESWe already mentioned this earlier but this is where this contribution becomes truly significant.Include your employees when you already have a preliminary draft (if not before) and ask for their opinion.Some of the FAQs you should ask:Do they understand it? How do they understand it? Are there some topics which are relevant for them but remained uncovered by the document?But please, don’t go from one employee to another asking these questions…You can assemble a few employees from different sectors or have just one employees representative commenting and then signing the code.Even if you don’t include each and every one of employees, this approach will have multiple benefits and will gain additional credibility to the code you are drafting.Employees may give you a helpful insight on stress out some of the issues you overlooked.They may also say the document is complicated. Or they may say it is perfectly fine…In any event, you should bear in mind that employees remain one of your target groups, being directly affected by the company’s code of conduct…That be said, hearing what they have to say about it does make sense, doesn’t it?Such inclusion equals less work for you, more support for the document.And now that you have your draft ready…MAKE IT WORK: BRIEFINGS, REMINDERS, CONFIDENTIALITYCongratulations!Your company has a code of conduct and this is great news.But what happens now?Again, this remains up to a specific company and how it goes about the existence of its code of business conduct.The thing is t hat for many companies these principles never become more than words on paper…Simply having them, even in writing, doesn’t suffice.Don’t let your efforts to be a waste of time! Make it work!The company must stress its guiding principles consistently, remind people of its values regularly and have actual, functioning instruments to deal with potential misconduct.What should you be doing in practice to ensure your code actually comes to life (and stays relevant)?Well, you can start by:Answering frequently asked questions regarding the code and making them accessible for everyone in the company.Provide a go to person to solve dilemmas and attend for potential whistle-blowers. Employees rarely feel comfortable coming up about their colleagues or even, superiors and they need to know their career will not be jeopardized in any case.There must be absolutely NO RETRIBUTION for people who decide to come clean about potential misconducts and potentially, make a mistake.Dealing with pot ential misconducts, conversations and investigations within the company should be as confidential as possible. Negative publicity could bring more harm than the actual misconducts, plus, it may scare of employees from ever coming clean about anything.Penalties should be proportional to the action that triggered them, meaning, you don’t sanction a person for accepting a chocolate from the client. Or you do… but in this case, your company may not have the best working climate and atmosphere.At least once per year, employees should be reminded of the code and what these principles stand for.At least once per year, leadership or whoever is in charge of the code should revise it and potentially, amend it, if there is a need for any changes due to recent developments in the company. Such changes should then be communicated within the company as soon as possible.Just to be sure all employees understand the code and its purpose, it may be useful to organize occasional briefings and exer cises, hence, let people in on best practices which can be used to deal with potentially tricky situations.It could be useful to include a mandatory briefing on this topic for all new hires joining the company. This way, they get the idea about its significance from the very start of their employment.Actually incorporate these principles into the everyday business, regardless of how insignificant individual actions may seem. That is how words come to life…And there you have it…It’s not as hard as it seems and having a functional code of conduct may actually improve company’s functioning in many ways.Final piece of advice: Make sure you believe it! The biggest issue with documents of this kind may be them sounding fake or artificial. The result?People will not buy it!Furthermore, they will have troubles understanding and complying with it.Copying another company’s code of conduct may be a lot easier but you will not get it to sound real.   Not in a million years…For this reason, make sure you draft it as personal and true as possible. Focus on the spirit and actual values of your specific company!Consider it an actual contribution to the company’s functioning and live by it.That is the only way it makes sense…

Ethics And Tattoos - Free Essay Example

Tattoos have been around since ancient times and have evolved tremendously over the years. As we know it, body art and tattoos are a way many people express themselves and create their identity. Tattoos can be viewed as negligence to the body or just simply people expressing their feelings or past recognition on their skin. Although people do have freedom to ink their body as theyd like, people also oppose their own perspective of tattooing the body. Tattoos may cause people to make preconceived notions about their owners intelligence, personality, or morality, and therefore may prevent those people from holding jobs, making friends, or participating in other social activities. There are many different religious perspectives on this subject matter, Christian may believe tattoos are harmful to the body, Mayans onced believe tattoos were a form of expressing their God and lastly Atheist claim Christian perspective Christianity is a belief that mankind needs a savoir and those who receive christ as their savior turn that into a daily lifestyle . Many interpret christianity as a religion when in fact its far from a religion , it is indeed a way to live and there are no outside beliefs from the bible that christians live by. Do Christians believe Body art is a sin when done for personal reflection? As a christian everything you do, you do to glorify God. Therefore when body art or tattooing is done for pride or recognition, thats when it becomes wrong corrupt. In an article the rhetorical questions are asked, Am I seeking to glorify God or draw attention to myself?..Will my tattoo cause someone who is weak in the faith to stumble? (Scott). These questions are the main wonders when it comes to getting a tattoos in christian eyes. Pastor of Christ Healing Community Church exclaims, Tattoos take away the beauty that God has created he also goes onto say, Although people do get tattoos, if you have o ne it doesnt mean you dont love God or will keep you away from relationship with him. You should find your identity in Christ rather than in a tattoo. Mayan perspective The Mayan race started around 2600 BC, located on the southern tip of North America in Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador. Mayans were extremely artistic and spiritual people. They were also known for their incredible body modifications, including tattooing. Body art played a vast role in the Mesoamericans religion. Mayan tattoos depicted symbols of the gods, power animals and spiritual symbols to express harmony and balance or the power of night or day. Mayans were able to convey their feelings toward their God and beliefs in their tattoos and body art.The Mayans were a deeply spiritual race. They created hundreds of symbols to express spiritual ideas and beliefs, such as the balance of life and the magic of the gods(Nessworthy) In other words, tattooing is normal to a Mayan and is where their identity is found. Atheist Perspective Atheist are encountered as non believers of God . Most people make the assumption that atheist worship the devil, although some do its not the focus.

The Love in Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare - 883 Words

Love is just a word, until someone comes along and gives it a meaning. But what meaning they give the word is up to them .there are many different types of love in this world. Love comes in many different ways and they are not always pleasant. Love can make you happy or sad it depends on the way it comes to you. Love is tricky and can be confused with all of the different types of love. Love isn’t just one thing there is many different ways to show in and have it. In this play by Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet the word love is shown in many different ways. There is the love that Romeo and Juliet fell in which you can actually put into many different types of love. Then the way Romeo loved Rosaline is another way. And the way the nurse cared for Juliet is yet another type of love shown. In William Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, these types of love are romantic, unrequited, and parental. One topic of my paper is on romantic love and it is shown wonderfully in this particular play. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet are in a hurry even when it comes to dying. There is no doubt in Their soul then would rather die than live apart† (Eckhoff 471). That is one wonderful quote that shows a prospect of romantic love. It talks about how Romeo and Juliet love each other so dearly that without each other they would rather be dead. The love is strong and seems almost unbreakable. â€Å"Their deep interest for us lies in their being alone in a world which does notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeare in Love and Romeo and Juliet1511 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare In Love,  Romeo and Juliet the play, Romeo and Juliet with Leonardo  DiCaprio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All these works  display very different ideas from the original story and its creation. Each one of them has its own way of portraying the time, the characters, and the themes. Being shown a variety of opinions about what exactly was going on in Shakespeares head when he was writing this magnificent play allows us to be open to our own ideas about its creation. It gives everyone the chance toRead MoreHow Is Love Presented by Shakespeare in Romeo and Juliet?1565 Words   |  7 Pageslooking at how Shakespeare presents love in Act 2 Scene 2 of Romeo and Juliet from lines 18 through to 127. After reading the majority of act 2 scene 2 we are now able to understand and interpret Shakespeare’s language and language devices further. Act 2 Scene two is set in the shadow beneath Juliet’s bedroom window, with Romeo hiding in the darkness. Romeo listens on as Juliet speaks of her love for Romeo to what she thought was the darkness however as we as the audience know Romeo is ab le to hearRead MoreThe Love Triangle in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare726 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Love is an exploding cigar we willingly smoke.† (Barry). Like Lynda Barry said love is like a ticking time bomb just waiting for the right time to blow someone’s face off. For example, in both William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and William Goldman’s The Princess Bride there are many similarities between protagonists, antagonists, and their love. Many people are dead in these two stories now because of their harmful love. Love drives these stories and pushes people to the point of suicideRead MoreConsequences of Forbidden Love in Shakespeare ´s Romeo and Juliet1070 Words   |  5 PagesIn the tragic play of Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare shows us the true consequences of forbidden love and what it is like to love someone in a way where love cannot be expressed and the feelings are so indescribable. Love this powerful actually changes the lives and fate of two young innocent people who lost themselves in each other and couldn’t do what they wanted because of who they were. When it comes to defining love there is no true definition of love. When it comes to fate there is no true definitionRead MoreHow Shakespeare Presents the Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet634 Words   |  3 PagesHow Shakespeare Presents the Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet Works Cited Missing Shakespeare presents the theme of love in different ways for each of the characters and for some, such as Romeo, Shakespeares portrayal of this theme changes as the play progresses. Shakespeares first portrayal of the theme of love is in the first act Read MoreHow Does Shakespeare Portray Love in Romeo and Juliet?1638 Words   |  7 PagesIn Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays different aspects and types of love in many ways. The obvious love is the fateful love between Romeo and Juliet although the play also displays platonic love, maternal love and aspects of adolescent love. The first kind of love shown in the play is teenage love through Romeo. Montague tells us that Many a morning hath he (Romeo) been seen... adding to the clouds more clouds with his deep sighs. Romeo is often seen sighing showing that he is either depressedRead MoreDifferent Ideas of Love in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare1562 Words   |  7 Pagesof Love in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Love has existed in many forms throughout time. There is no better example of this then in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. In this tale when love is most apparent, the most crucial events occur to develop tragedy. The evident forms of love are Familial love, Fraternal love and Romantic love. Shakespeare portrays the love of Romeo and Juliet as 2 halves which when joined make there love forRead MoreThemes Of Love And Hate : William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1406 Words   |  6 PagesYousaf ENG-1D1 2016-06-06 Themes of Love and Hate in William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet â€Å"People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.†-Nelson Mandela Romeo and Juliet is a play about two young lovers, whose love was for destruction from the beginning because of the hatred between the two families, Montagues and Capulets. Therefore, the themes of love and hate are very important in theRead MoreThe Tension Between Love and Hate in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare849 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare has created a quintessential tragedy in which deepens the audience’s understanding of the universal themes of love, hate, conflict and death. The recurring focus on the tension between love and hate makes us reflect on how these themes govern upon human behavior. In the play Romeo and Juliet, the main characters for which Romeo and Juliet the denial of love and dominance of hate creates extreme loss, in this case, death. In progress, audiences have recognized that the death of two youngRead MoreHow Does Shakespeare Present the Theme of Love in Romeo and Juliet?3876 Words   |  16 Pages‘Romeo and Juliet’, a p lay by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous love stories of all time and, while most people think that it focuses on just romantic love, it also includes many other types of love such as courtly love, friendly love, parental love and sexual love. Sexual love is used in this play as comic relief between the serious parts, as an ice-breaker and to keep the audience entertained. Shakespeare included sexual love in this play because at the time, the audience for whom

Societal Views of Women in the Victorian Era in Henrik...

Societal Views of Women in the Victorian Era in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, creates a peephole into the lives of a family in the Victorian Era. The play portrays a female viewpoint in a male-dominated society. The values of the society are described using the actions of a woman, Nora, who rebels against the injustices inflicted upon her gender. Women’s equality with men was not recognized by society in the late 1800’s. Rather, a woman was considered a doll, a child, and a servant. Nora’s alienation reveals society’s assumptions and values about gender. A woman was considered by society to be a doll because she was expected to be subordinate to her husband’s whims. Referring to a ball that she†¦show more content†¦She alludes to a child’s character when she says, â€Å"everything I think of seems so silly and insignificant† (26). Torvald replies with a condescending statement: â€Å"Does my little Nora acknowledge that at last?† (26). Torvald expects only childish talk from her. He even tells her she is â€Å"little,† like a child, and although he expects nothing more than child’s talk from her, he does expect to be obeyed. Nora plays the part of a slave in her subservience to her husband, for she is supposed to abide by his rules and be dependent on him. She is not supposed to think for herself and repeatedly told so by those around her. When speaking about Nora in her presence, Torvald says, â€Å"She is so terribly self-willed† (55). Nora has a conversation with Mrs. Linde, who also tells her, â€Å"Don’t be self-willed† (57). Torvald tells her, â€Å"I will advise you and direct you† (64). Nora is expected to be a dependent slave who follows her husband’s advice and directions. Women were also legally dependent upon men. The society’s laws of that time even required the male to cosign everything that a woman had to sign. Nora’s naivete in forging her father’s signature and trying to pay off the loan further emphasizes Victorian society’s assumptions about women’s inability to deal with a â€Å"man’s world.† These assumptions about women caused their gender value to be vastlyShow MoreRelatedA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1135 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play, â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen, and the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, the two protagonists named Nora Helmer and Edna Pontillier depict feminist ideals during the Victorian era in their struggle for independence, both sexually and emotionally. Nora and Edna are feminists in the late 1800s, trapped in an era and a society dictated by men. Both works parallel together and are significant because they show how Edna and Nora awaken, as their roles and self-realization progressRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House2019 Words   |  9 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House† is a play that gives insight to the way of life in the Victorian era. What starts out as a story of a man and his lovely wife, begins to evolve into a story of Nora and her role as a woman in society at the time. Th e role of gender has always been a means for strife between man and woman. Despite the current times, there is still a wedge between expectations of a man or woman. During Victorian times, that wedge was much larger and the roles of Torvald and Nora were

Lev Vygotsky Essay - 1668 Words

The psychology theorists of the past have shaped the classrooms of the present. There are many theorists that have affected the teaching styles of today and a theorist that has had a major impact is Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky’s work interests me much because his concepts and ideas encompass many of the ways in which teachers teach in today’s classrooms. The ideas he presented have contoured the strategies of teachers. It is interesting to look into the reasons why teachers have adopted some of the strategies they use and many of those reasons are formed from the original ideas of Vygotsky. Vygotsky was born in Russia in 1896 into a middle class family (Gallagher 1999). Vygotsky studied law at Moscow University and he did not have any†¦show more content†¦According to Gallaway (2001), an MKO â€Å"refers to someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept.† Vygotsky’s concepts of zone of proximal development and the more knowledgeable other person has led to the idea of scaffolding. Scaffolding, which encompasses both ZPD and MKO, is seen in almost all classrooms in today’s society. Scaffolding is a temporary support mechanism that aids students when they need it and then relinquishes control when the assistance is no longer needed. According to Lipscomb, Swanson and West (2004), scaffolding is used in classrooms by the â€Å"development of instructional plans to lead the students from what they already know to a deep understanding of new material,† and â€Å"execution of the plans, wherein the instructor provides support to the students at every step of the learning process.† Scaffolding encompasses the role of the teacher. The teacher acts as the most knowledgeable other to the student and then assesses the current knowledge of the students. The teacher decides which knowledge level the students shoul d be performing at, and that gap between current knowledge and abilities and their potential is the zone of proximal development. In order forShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Lev Vygotsky1383 Words   |  6 PagesLev Vygotsky was a psychologist that emphasized that children learn through interactions with their surroundings. He was often referred to as the psychology of superman. Most of his work was in developmental psychology and he emphasized that interpersonal connections and the social environment had a lot to development. He had different theories on how biosocial development is an important aspect of a child’s development. Vygotsky felt that language and play had a lot to do with childrensRead MoreLev Vygotsky And The Zone Of Proximal Development1522 Words   |  7 PagesLev Vygotsky and the Zone of Proximal Development Under normal circumstances, a child will physically develop without outside assistance. While there can be variations by way of culture, class, and ability, it is difficult to contest that human nature is the driving force behind the bodily changes that take place from birth until adulthood. In contrast, when it comes to determining the ways in which a child thinks and learns, there are numerous theories on what primarily influences cognitive growthRead MoreLev Vygotsky, A Russian Developmental Psychologist1223 Words   |  5 PagesLev Vygotsky, a Russian developmental psychologist, was born in Orsha, Belarus on November 17, 1896. His primary education was provided at home by his mother and he then entered public school for his secondary education and graduated at seventeen followed by attendance at the University of Moscow. He originally chose medicine as his course of study, but switched to law. During this time he also studied humanities and psychology at Shanyavsky University.3 Upon graduating from college in 1917 he beganRead MoreLev Vygotsky s Influence On Development920 Words   |  4 PagesLev Vygotsky Introduction Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist during the Soviet Union. He was the founder of cultural-history psychology. His work concentrated on development psychology with children from an early age. He came from a Jewish family and attended Moscow State University for medical school. After time, he transferred to Law school and got interested in arts to become a literary critic. Then, he became a psychology instructor at a University as his theories came into place. Lev workedRead MoreEssay Sociocultural Theory: Lev Vygotsky1112 Words   |  5 PagesLev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist, born November 17, 1896, who had a wide range of interests that included the cognitive and language development of children. Vygotsky’s theories are somewhat incomplete due to his death at the young age of 38 from tuberculosis. Vygotsky faced many struggles in life that he was able to overcome, such as being a young Jewish boy who grew up in a time where the Russian District limited the numbe r of Jews who were allowed to be educated at a University levelRead MoreEssay on Lev Vygotsky and Social Development Theory1038 Words   |  5 PagesExplain Lev Vygotsky(1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist who created the Social Development Theory/ Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky believed that childrens mental, language, and social development is supported and enhanced through social interaction. Vygotsky also believed that beginning at birth, children seek out adults for social interactions and that development occurs through these interactions. The belief that social development sets a precedent for development(appeals to the nurture sideRead MoreLev Vygotsky s Theory Of Cultural Development Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesBackground of Theory Born in 1986, Lev Vygotsky took up a passion for philosophy, literature and culture throughout his adolescence. Although intelligent and filled with brilliant ideas, he was unfortunately very limited due to the fact that he was a Jew in anti-Semitic czarist Russia (Newman, 1993). Despite all of this, as well as contracting tuberculosis at the age of 24, he managed to overcome these difficulties and compile a long list of accomplishments in his short 37 years of life. These accomplishmentsRead MoreJean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky848 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theorists who have discovered different things about child development. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two of those many theorists. Both of these theorists have their own beliefs on how children develop. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky differ in their developmental theories, how their theories help the intellectual development in children and the similarities in their theories. A developmental theory is a theory that a scientist has proven to be true for a child’s development. AccordingRead MoreJean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky817 Words   |  4 Pagesconcepts learned the next day. It is still very much a progressive action in many districts. Several theorists have studied teaching strategies and documented how they feel children learn best. Two very prominent theorists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Jean Piaget had a very long career that included many ideas on how to teach children effectively and how children learn. One of his very popular theories was peer learning. Piaget believed that students should be a part of the learning processRead MoreJean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky1800 Words   |  8 PagesTheorists Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two of the most recognized cognitive psychologists. They developed theories that addressed cognitive development and learning among children. Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was born on August 9th, 1896, in Switzerland. Piaget’s father demonstrated the importance of being dedicated to his studies and work from a very young age. As a child, this was very influential to him. Piaget’s friends and family were aware of his intelligence from a very young age. Piaget

Coke Behind the Image Essay - 2786 Words

Coke: Behind the Image Almost everywhere I go, I see advertisements for â€Å"The Real Thing.† Even during my trip to Mozambique, a country stricken with poverty where the people rarely speak English, native children knew how to ask for their favorite drink, available just down the road at the street vendor‘s hut. Created in 1885 by pharmacist John Pemberton, Coca-Cola has evolved from a tonic peddled by traveling salesmen to cure headaches and hangovers, to one of the most recognized and most widely enjoyed beverages of all time (Oliver 14). On average, North Americans drink at least one serving of Coke per day (CSPI sc1). With over two million dollars spent every year on advertising and with very†¦show more content†¦Coca-Cola argues many points in support of its marketing and image. Especially in the years following WWII, Coke has worked hard to present an image associated with having a good time. Since the late 1800s, Coke’s advertising has shown people in beautiful places and in beautiful clothes, having a beautiful time and enjoying their beautiful lives--even in times of war and economic recession. While wars, riots and scandals rage in this country, Coke has been â€Å"holding forth to the world a picture of itself as pleasant and rewarding--the kind of place most people would like for it to be† (Watters 216). In Coke’s more recent advertising, Coke continues its image of fun and beauty, showing teens enjoying a sunrise and at a rave dance party in the woods. However , these more current commercials were in response to two other adds that were considered â€Å"not funny† and â€Å"mean spirited† by public opinion polls (Sampey par 1-4). Those ads showed family members and friends physically fighting with each other because someone had forgotten to bring Coke. Along with the claim that it facilitates a good time, Coke also claims that it wants to give everyone a voice, minorities included. With the Vietnam war raging in the 1970s, Coke featured a commercial that showed different ethnicities from around the world holding hands and singing a song, including the words, â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a Coke† and â€Å"I’d like toShow MoreRelatedAdvertising And Its Effect On Advertising888 Words   |  4 Pagesto a more sexual image, or something more creative that requires intelligence to create and understand. First, by taking a sip of the Pepsi advertisement, I noticed the horizontal advertisement has a gentle light blue background. The Pepsi logo sits in the corner, not drawing much attention to itself. In the center of this ad is a Pepsi can. Next to the Pepsi can is a red can with a silver curved thick line going up the side from the bottom of the can to the top, resembling a Coke can. The differenceRead MoreCoca Cola Advertising Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthem effective. The specific advertisement that is being discussed is one in which a man on a beach is enjoying a cold Coca- Cola. He reaches down to grab his drink to discover that it was no longer where he left it. He did not see the penguin hiding behind him that took the cold Coca-Cola for itself. This advertisement uses logos, pathos, and ethos to persuade its audience to buy Coca-Cola and is an effective advertisement. Coca Cola draws its viewers in by displaying colorful, unique adsRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Gatorade And Coke977 Words   |  4 Pagesthem in their everyday lives. Gatorade has decided to revamp their internet marketing strategy to gain an online presence and get the upper hand on their competitors. The competitors we are going to analyze and critique are PowerAde, Vitaminwater and Coke. I identified the competitors by looking at the sports drink and soda industries to see what companies are Gatorade’s main competition and what strategies they can use to get ahead of these 3 prominent competitors. The first competitor I’m going toRead MoreCoca-Cola Company901 Words   |  4 Pageswent hiding and sixty five received death threats . Union alleged Coca Cola to be behind all these activities Breach of Confidence in Employees In the year 2006 , three Coca Cola employees were charged for trying to sell trade secrets and confidential information to the competitor PepsiCo . PepsiCo had taken an ethical decision by informing the Coca Cola about the offer . This has increased the brand image of PepsiCo but questioned Coca Cola s ability to maintain confidence among its employees Read MoreCoca Cola Vs. Pepsi Cola Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica. While having emphasis on its refreshing cool taste and convenience, these ads created a certain attitude with its audience causing the rise in popularity and sales. During this same time Pepsi was also on the rise competing with Coca- Cola. Both Coke and Pepsi used similar strategies but Coca- Cola gave itself a slight edge through innovative technique and the use of â€Å"lifestyle† advertising. Coca- Cola really did create a refreshing beverage but created an ad campaign using refreshing, excitingRead MoreCoca Col A Symbol Of American Culture1599 Wor ds   |  7 PagesCoca-cola is truly a symbol of American culture, however everyone’s favorite soft drink may not be so sweet once you know the full history. Coca-Cola was founded in 1886. It’s inventor was a pharmacist named John Pemberton. Pemberton originally sold Coke as a pharmaceutical drug in the form of syrup containing cocaine and wine. It was intended to cure morphine addiction, however soon after Pemberton finalized his formula the campaign for prohibition began and he was forced to replace the wine withRead MorePepsi Of Coca Cola And Pepsi1259 Words   |  6 Pagesrival those of Coca-Cola and Pepsi. The longevity and prosperity of these two competitors is enough to inspire countless business’ to model their own companies after these icons. This paper will detail some of the business aspects that have helped Coke and Pepsi to thrive, as well as considering what mistakes have been made in their pursuit of success. Learning from the successes and failures of other companies can help a new business to know which roads of marketing, expansion, etc. to exploreRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Coca Cola1342 Words    |  6 PagesSimilar to everything else in our world, advertisements continue to change year after year and era after era. When thinking of common brands with impressive advertisements and campaigns, Coca-Cola is one that we are introduced to at a young age. Coke has been advertising their brand for over one hundred years. This brand continues to relate to many consumers by modifying and creating advertisement campaigns, which relate to current trends. Two advertisements in particular test the theory of howRead MoreCoca Cola Vs. Pepsi1312 Words   |  6 Pagescompany controls 42% of the soft drink market in comparison with Pepsi who owns 30% (â€Å"Coke Vs. Pepsi: By The Numbers.†). With market power, Coke and Pepsi have accomplished manipulating prices and controlling profits for ages leading towards their success. Coke and Pepsi are two economic giants that sell similar products in the cola industry and market power keeps them both competitive. A brief history about Coke starts with when it was founded at a drug store by a pharmacist named John Stith PembertonRead MoreThe Case Of Food And Beverage Companies947 Words   |  4 Pageshuge number of people don’t examine the products they buy. Companies use millions of dollars to advertise, using celebrities to present their products with images that are not close to the reality. This is the case of some food and beverage companies such as McDonald’s, Carl’s Jr. and Coca Cola. These three companies promote and advertised images of people enjoying food, clowns encouraging children to eat junk food, and polar bears making believe that families have a perfect life drinking coca cola

Cosmetology School Free Essays

Every year thousands of people who have a passion for fashion, style and beauty and who enjoy making other people and themselves look amazing and feel appealing enroll in cosmetology schools. Cosmetology school is a place for creative, sociable, ambitious and constantly developing individuals. There are a lot of various directions in the program of a cosmetology school, so every person is free either to choose the subject he or she likes, or to take up several of them: nail technician, esthetician, hair styling, permanent make up specialist, massage therapist, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Cosmetology School or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sphere of cosmetology is multisided and very perspective and rewarding nowadays and there are a lot of reasons why attending a cosmetology school may be beneficial. The most important advantage of having a cosmetology school education is that you will hardly ever be unemployed (unless you will wish to). People would always like to look and feel beautiful, so you will always have enough opportunities to make them be and feel such. The only task you will always have to fulfill is to be always aware of the latest style and fashion trends and the newest techniques, and take any chance to cultivate your creativity and collect precious experience in your job. Another advantage of this career is that you are free to choose time and even place where you are eager to perform your skills. You may make weekends whatever days of week you want and you will never have to get up early in the morning(unless you have a yoga-class), because most of stylists prefer starting their working day in the afternoon, during the lunch break of their clients, or even in the evening, after normal business hours. And even if your working place is in the salon, it is likely that you can set the schedule convenient for you. People say: â€Å"If you want to succeed in business, the best way for you is to make your hobby your own business† – a cosmetologist career is the best example to reflect this view. Working with clients’ hair, nails or makeup may be extremely exciting. You meet many different people with different views as for style and fashion and all of them want you to bring their dreams to reality. During this process you practice not only as a cosmetologist, but also as psychologist. And the best reward is a grateful smile on the face of your client. It is also necessary to point out that if you are creative and skillful enough and enjoy trying new provocative styles, it is possible that you will be asked to style the hair and makeup of models and celebrities, or even well-known politicians. You will even have a possibility to work for big companies’ hair shows, such as Joico or Paul Mitchell, or for some prominent modeling agencies, theatres or magazines. You can make various astonishing acquaintances and may be you will be well-known among very important people. In a field of cosmetology your incomes depend on nothing else but type, amount and quality of your own work. The more clients you are eager to have a day the more money you may earn. By the way, if to work hard and make a number of personal clients, there is a possibility of expanding your career by becoming a salon manager or even by opening your own salon. I am hardworking and willful, confident of my abilities and skills, so I hope to open my own spa salon some day. I know that my skills and natural charm and sociability will help me to build a base of clients. Moreover I am planning to open my own blog or even a site, where I will give necessary advice on fashion, style, hair design and nail art and tell people about the newest style tendencies. Probably I will face a lot of competitors on my way, but I am not afraid of that. People like to have their own specialist whether in hair style, makeup or manicure, that’s why, they are searching for the â€Å"right† person, who would meet their needs. I am sociable and flexible enough to meet the needs of different kinds of people and I am conscious that people will notice that. Attending a cosmetology school can let one build a fun, flexible and very rewarding career. This job allows flexible working hours, high incomes, guarantee of being employed, plenty of room for professional and personal growth, and acquaintance and experience of interaction with various people. It is necessary to keep up with changing style and fashion tendencies to succeed in this field. In order to keep the clients’ interest a stylist should always be in a process of self-improvement and self-education, as well as he should always find common language with clients. A cosmetology education provides a person with an opportunity of expanding his or her career by becoming a salon or spa manager or even an owner of such. Although it will take a lot of efforts to do this and there are a lot of competitors on the way, I am sure that some day my goal of owning a salon will be achieved. I believe that cosmetology school education will help me to take the first step to my dream and once I will be proud to call my job â€Å"my hobby†. How to cite Cosmetology School, Papers

Coca Cola Demographics and Psychographics in Market Segmentation

Question: Discuss about theDemographics and Psychographics In Market Segmentation. Answer: Introduction Research problem-market segmentation strategies need to be evaluated for effectiveness. This research will ascertain whether demographic variables are effective for market segmentation. Limitations of the report- the report is dependent on secondary sources of information which may have subjective opinions. Therefore care should be given in when implementing the recommendations. The sources and methods used-This report utilized secondary sources including academic underpinnings journals and internet sources. Report Organisation-this report will first evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using demographics as a base for market segmentation. Discussions Advantages of using demographics as a basis for market segmentation The first advantage of using demographics in market segmentation is that the demographics data is easily available for use and it is cost effective. Most secondary data including the census data are expressed in demographics. This makes it easy to access this form of data and apply it in identifying the target market. The census data is readily available and the costs involved in accessing this kind of data are low (Piercy, et al. 2011). Secondly, demographics are easily measurable when compared to other segmentation factors. Considering when other variables like lifestyle and personalities are used in market segmentation their demographic characteristics have to be ascertained in order for the true characteristics of a market segment to be known (Bruwer, et al. 2007). Therefore the use of demographical data in deciding which market segment should be targeted is vital even when other factors have been considered. This set of data offers an opportunity to examine the population of different locations and develop products that suit their needs (Tigert, et al. 1971). For example, it is not enough to give the percentage of people who use Moleskines product range but it will be important to know their age, their gender and income ranges. Third, the application of demographics in segmentation will lead to customer loyalty and retention. When the customer needs and wants are carefully evaluated and their trends studied, an organisation will channel its marketing campaigns towards those needs and wants (Sessler 2011). If the customers are satisfied, they will become loyal and they will tend to use the products more often. An example is the Moleskines product range. The company has engaged its customers in buying its non-digital products through incorporation of the products in the digital systems. For instance the MSK 2 is one of the products that customers can use to submit their art, hacks and videos on the company website. Besides, these clients can access various templates for the creation of their journals (Koenke 2006.). Fourth, demographic data reveals the ongoing trends that give a clear signal indication of business for marketers. For instance, demographics can reveal the income levels of a population and that can show the purchasing power of that population and products can be developed to suit the income levels of such a population (Barry, et al. 2009). Finally, the use of demographics in market segmentation can save the business the costs that may be incurred in expansion. Since the population characteristics can be defined and the future predicted, the organisation can save on costs that can be incurred on further research and the losses that can be incurred through unsatisfied customers. Disadvantages of Using Demographics as a Basis for Market Segmentation First, one major limitation with the use of demographics is that it is one dimensional and does not facture in product differentiation. For instance, demographics can give details on a certain product for example the aftershave but it cannot give information about a particular aftershave brand. And who exactly uses the brand (Shiffman 2013). Secondly, demographic data is only descriptive and his limits the understanding of the consumers themselves since the data available is general and generalization cannot be used in the development of products that can be used by such a population (Sessler 2011). Thirdly, demographic variable require that other variables are used in the development of a market segment. This is due to the weakness that is posed by only being descriptive of the data and not being detailed on the brand types that are preferred by different demographic segments (Shiffman 2013). Lastly, demographic data is readily available and competitors can easily utilize it to copy the products that an organization may be selling in a particular market. This is a great disadvantage because the competitors may produce better products which can lead to loss of customers. Can demographics and psychographics be used together to segment markets? In the analysis of whether demographics and psychographics can be used together in a segment market, it is important to describe what is contained in psychographics. Psychographic segmentation is related to research on the psychological needs and wants of consumers (Narang 2010). This form of research is also referred to as lifestyle analysis. This has been an important tool that has been used in determining the most promising market segments. The promotion of such products as Colgate, KFC fast foods, Lux soap and many others relies on psychographic research which is used in capturing the potential customers profiles. Consumer interests, activities and opinions are some of the psychographic measures that can be used in the development of a market segment. Besides, the profiles which can be used when se factors are the ones that can be used in coming up with consumer-based products (Kumar,et al. 2008). Psychographic and demographic can be used complimentarily. That is, when the demographic and psychographic variables are applied together, there is sufficient information that can be used in the development of products for a particular market segment. In marketing, information is important and the more information is available the more the marketing activities will be effective since the customer needs will be met. For a brand to be successful in the market, it needs to satisfy the customer needs fully. Organizations should invest more in market research in order to come up with the products that are needed by the market. It is not possible for the organization to produce products that will satisfy the customer needs if they do not conduct sufficient research on what those customers needs are (Simons, et al. 2016). Using both demographic and psychographic data is also important because this technique develops a deep understanding of what needs to be put into the market. Demographics help in developing the quantities needed while psychographics will develop the needed qualities. For a market to be fully satisfied both quantity and quality have to be adhered to. A product may be of the required quality and the market demand is so high and if the quantities cannot satisfy the demand then there may be a crisis that may lead customers away from the companys products. Also, a product may be abundant in the market yet it is not of the required standard and quality according to psychographic profiles. This also may tarnish the companys reputation and customers will avoid such products ((Shiffman 2013).). Moleskine is an example of a brand that fully utilizes the concept of market segmentation. This organisation used to produce notebooks and it is a popular brand name in this industry. The digital era has really affected this company but still it has managed to survive the tides that come with digitalization. Since the digital era came with a wave that could reduce the need to write in notebooks, the company did an analysis of their customer desires and lifestyles. Since these customers have a heavy presence in the online platforms and social media, the company developed products that can be used in the digital era. By doing this the company has survived through a challenge that many other companies could not survive through (Spence,et al. 2007). Recommendations When applying market segmentation as a strategy in marketing, demographic data is important and it should be used together with psychographic data. The combination of these sets of data makes it easy to identify and present products to the market will fulfil the customer needs and wants.A critical analysis of lifestyles and the [population is important in this strategy and therefore I recommend that the two sets of data should be used complimentarily for effectiveness. Conclusion Market segmentation is a marketing strategy that is effective in penetrating and managing a market. This is done through profiling the market needs and developing products that suit such a market. The use of demographics in market segmentation is important in determining the different customer characteristics. However, there are some limitations which need that a combination with other variables should be done in order to make sure that market segmentation is done in a way that will lead to customer and market satisfaction. When the market is satisfied, the brand easily becomes successful in such a market because it will be trusted and customer loyalty will be developed. Reference List Barry, James, and Weinstein Art. 2009. "Business psychographics revisited: from segmentation theory to successful marketing practice." Journal of Marketing Management 25, no. 3-4: 315-340. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Bruwer, Johan, and Li, Elton. 2007. "Wine-Related Lifestyle (WRL) Market Segmentation: Demographic and Behavioural Factors." Journal of Wine Research 18, no. 1: 19-34. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Koenke. Teri. 2006. "Destroying Demographics: The New Art of Strategic Customer Communications." U.S. Banker 116, 22-23. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Kumar, Vishal, and Sarkar, Amitava. 2008. "Psychographic segmentation of Indian urban consumers." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 13, no. 2: 204-226. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Mostafa Mohamed M. 2009. "Shades of green: A psychographic segmentation of the green consumer in Kuwait using self-organizing maps." Expert Systems with Applications 36, no. 8: 11030-11038. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Narang, Ritu.2010. "Psychographic segmentation of youth in the evolving Indian retail market." International Review of Retail, Distribution Consumer Research 20, no. 5: 535-557. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Piercy, Niall, Campbell, Collin, and Heinrich, Daniel. 2011. "Suboptimal segmentation: Assessing the use of demographics in financial services advertising." Journal of Financial Services Marketing 16, no. 3/4: 173-182. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Sessler Jerrod. 2011. "Demographic Segmentation: Social Media In-A-Box." Franchising World 43, no. 9: 50. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Shiffman Leon. 2013. Consumer Behaviour, 6th Edition. Pearson/Australia, 2013-09-01. VitalBook file. Simons, Dirk, and Zein Nicole. 2016. "Audit Market Segmentation The Impact of Mid-tier Firms on Competition." European Accounting Review 25, no. 1: 131-154. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Spence, Jacqui, and Abratt Russel. 1997. "Use of psychographics in consumer market segmentation: The South African experience." South African Journal of Business Management 28, no. 2: 33. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 14, 2016). Tigert, Douglas, Lathrope Richard Michael, and Bleeg. 1971. "The Fast Food Franchise: Psychographic and Demographic Segmentation Analysis." Journal of Retailing 47, no. 1: 81. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016). Wilson-Jeanselme, Muriel, and Reynolds Jonathan. 2006. "The advantages of preference-based segmentation: An investigation of online grocery retailing." Journal Of Targeting, Measurement Analysis For Marketing 14, no. 4: 297-308. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2016).

Pernicious Anaemia Causes and Curing Procedures

Introduction Pernicious anaemia refers to a form of anaemia, which results from failure of the body to absorb adequately absorb vitamin B-12. Vitamin B-12, being an important nutrient in the body is absorbed in the small intestine from foods rich in vitamin B-12. Lahner and Annibale (2009) explain that vitamin B-12 binds itself to intrinsic factor, a parietal-cells-secreted protein, forming a complex, which is readily absorbed by the small intestine.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pernicious Anaemia: Causes and Curing Procedures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Irvine (1965) submits that when the aforementioned intrinsic factor is absent from the body, perhaps because of autoimmunity of genetic issues, vitamin B-12 is reduced in the victim’s body, leading to pernicious anaemia. Further, victims of autoimmune disorders are more exposed to pernicious anaemia because their antibodies attack parietal cells, leading to abnormal secretion of the intrinsic factor, which in turn leads to poor vitamin B-12 absorption and consequently, pernicious anaemia (Toh, Van Driel Gleeson, 1997). Therefore, the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia comes from the autoimmune disorder. The pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia show that occurrence of autoimmune disorder affects secretion of the intrinsic factor leading to mal-absorption of vitamin B-12. Autoantibodies attach themselves to gastric H+/K+–ATPase that is a pump composed of a 100 a glycoprotein ÃŽ ²-subunit (60-90 kDa) and a kDa catalytic ÃŽ ±-subunit, and consequently prevent the proper functioning of parietal cells and intrinsic factor secretion (Toh et al., 1997). This report is an investigative analysis of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia. It analyses the stomach’s morphology in relation to pernicious anaemia, diagnoses pernicious anaemia in sample stomachs through western blot technique, and seeks to detect antibodies in sample serums through immune-histochemistry staining. Aim The objective of this report is to detect antibodies of the proton pump of the stomach by applying immune-histochemistry and western blot techniques on serum samples. To set a good background for the study, the report first analyses the critical components of a healthy stomach.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Material and Methods Procedure of Examining Morphology of the Stomach Stomach samples were placed in slides to prepare them for examination, and then stored in a safety cabinet. The slides were incubated in xylene for two minutes and further incubated in ethanol for another two minutes. Rinsing was done on the slides for 30 seconds after the slides were incubated in haematoxylin. Staining and washing was done, followed by soaking in 1% acid alcohol and rins ing. The stained slides were placed for 30 seconds in Scott’s tap to incubate, and thereafter, rinsed before staining them with eosin for a period of 4 minutes. The slides were subsequently placed for 30 seconds in 90% and 100% ethanol to fix them. After the fixation, the slides were put on ethanol for 2 minutes and dried in the air immediately. A drop of DPX medium was applied on fixed slide, preparing it for mounting, covered with cover slip, and a magnification of x400 used to view it. Diagrams focussing on the gastric gland and stomach wall were sketched using a pencil on an A4 paper. Procedure for Preparing SDS-PAGE and Western Blot For the stomach specimen, a protein sample of 48 µL was added into a microfuge with 12 µL of SDS-sample. Molecular weight markers for the assessment of the molecular weights were prepared in advance. To sediment the molecular markers and protein sample, the solutions were spun in a centrifuge for a few minutes. Next, lane 1 of the prepare d SDS-PAGE in electrophoresis apparatus was loaded with 10 µL of the molecular weight markers. Just like molecular weight markers, subsequent wells of the SDS-PAGE were loaded with 25 µL of the protein sample. Then the electrophoresis apparatus was started on a power of 200 volts and left for 45 minutes. After electrophoresis was over, the apparatus was switched off and dismantled, and a demonstrator was used to apply gel on a clean plate. Then the gel was placed on the iBlot device with the aim of assessing the separation of proteins according to their weights. 10uL of distilled water was used in the placement of one gel in iBlot device, which processed it for 7 minutes, and another gel was put in nitrocellulose film. The nitrocellulose membrane was stained using 50mL of 0.1% Ponceau solution and leaving it for 1 minute, which ensured that protein transformation had occurred. To detect sera of patients, the nitrocellulose membrane was labelled.Advertising We will write a c ustom report sample on Pernicious Anaemia: Causes and Curing Procedures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lanes were cut using a pair of scissors and subsequently rinsed using NaOH with an aim of removing stains. The membrane was washed in 50mL of TBS and stored for the subsequent practical, which would include 10mL of Tris-buffer at 40o C. Deionised water was used to clean membranes after they were retrieved from storage. The wash included the following three steps: blocking step involving 5mL of 5% skimmed milk blocking solution; incubation of primary antibody using 2.5mL of patient serum sample or the positive and the negative control; and secondary antibody incubation using 5mL of labelled antibody. The iBlot was put to use again in performing the aforementioned three steps. Consequently, membrane strips were removed from the device and washed with TBS 3 times for a period of five minutes. Several steps were subsequently performed before imaging using the Chemidoc. The results of the test were then uploaded to CloudDeakin. Procedure of Preparing Immuno-Peroxidase of Mouse Stomach As some steps of slides preparation was done beforehand, Incubation was done for 100 µL of serum for 20 minutes because some slide preparation steps had already been completed. Slides were washed using PBS horseradish peroxide, also known as anti-human Ig HRPO, was used to conjugate 50 µL of antibodies by incubating it for 45 minutes. Slides were then washed in PBS and water was used to rinse them before 100 µL of DAB was added, subsequently incubating them for 10 minutes. Before the slides were soaked in haematoxylin for 3 seconds, they were cleaned using PBS. After the cleaning, they were rinsed with water and incubated in ethanol for an approximate 2 minutes. DPX was applied on slides and they were viewed with a microscope magnification of Ãâ€"400. Discussion Discussion: Morphology of the Stomach In order to understand the morphology of the stomach well, the mucosal and sub-mucosal layers of the mouse’s stomach are stained with eosin and haematoxylin as depicted in figure 1. Figure 2 shows gastric gland stained with the same, which together with the other parts are key determinants of the mouse’s stomach morphology.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Irvine (1965) notes, the major feature of pernicious anaemia is the atrophy of mucosal cells for example parietal cells. The latter are responsible for the secretion of gastric acid and intrinsic factor which aid in vitamin B-12 absorption in the end of the small intestine. â€Å"Essentially, parietal cells have the H+/K+-ATPase pump, which consists of beta and alpha subunits† (Rhoades Bell 2008). This is well illustrated in figure 2 whereby the parietal cells are pink stained while the other main cells (chief cells) are dark-pink stained. The chief cells play a significant role of pepsinogen secretion, which catabolizes proteins (Toh et al. 1997). In that case, the physiology of parietal cells and protein catabolism is dependent on the stomach morphology. Discussion: Western Blotting The experiment proved that a western blot technique is effective in determining whether patients are infected with pernicious anaemia. Results from the study were presented on CloudDeakin. I t is however important to mention that the western blot technique did not achieve the desired results in all experiments because its results were spurious. Some membranes in the study lacked bands, while some had patchy or uneven spots as shown in figure 3. Defects in antigens, buffers, or antibodies resulted in interference of definite bands in the membranes. Additionally, use of inappropriate antibodies, either primary or secondary, also resulted in vague bands or no bands at all. Likewise, the use of low concentrations of the antibody also results in invisible bands and lack of antigen or low concentrations of the same leads to an invisible signal. In this regard, it is necessary to use different antigens in order to determine whether invisibility is because of primary and/or secondary antibodies or antigens. The visibility of bands can also be affected by procedures like membrane washing. This is because prolonged washing is likely to diminish signal appearance. Contamination of buffers may also lead to invisible bands, hence the need to preserve their purity during the study (Lahner Annibale, 2009). The western blot procedure should be undertaken in such a way that buffers like TBST, ECL and PBS are not contaminated. The procedure’s transfer of protein component is perhaps the most sensitive because it may be interfered by air bubbles and partial transfer can occur (Andres Serraj, 2012). When such improper protein transfer occurs, then the blot comes out with uneven or patchy spots. In the event of trapped air bubbles within the membranes and gel, the output in film will be dark. Therefore, to prevent bubble formation, one should evenly distribute particles by incubating using a shaker. The results presented in figure 4 were prepared by the technical staff. The H+/K+-ATPase antigen is responsible for triggering an autoimmune disorder (Lahner Annibale, 2009), which interferes with the proper functioning of parietal cells and intrinsic-factor secr etion (Lahner Annibale, 2009). The parietal cells’ autoantibodies act against H+/K+-ATPase, thereby affecting the function of parietal cells, and consequently the occurrence of pernicious anaemia (Andres Serraj, 2012). Structurally, the autoantigen measures an approximate 160 to 190 kDa, with the specific measurement being determined by its constituent protein subunits. The autoantigen is made up of a glycoprotein ÃŽ ²-subunit (60-90 kDa) and a 100 kDa catalytic ÃŽ ±-subunit (Toh et al., 1997). The subunits are the ones that determine the nature of the disorder affecting parietal cells and intrinsic factor secretion. The western blot analysis revealed a fragment of approximately 80 kDa. The fragment is a glycosylated ÃŽ ²- subunit of the H+/K+-ATPase pump because the fragment detected corresponds a 80 kDa molecular marker. In the event of pernicious anaemia, H+/K+-ATPase is the autoantigen that is solely recognizable by parietal-cells antibodies. Therefore, it is vital in d iagnosing pernicious anaemia using western blot (Toh et al., 1997). Evidently, patient 1’s stained strip in figure 4, indicates a positive diagnosis. The size of the autoantibody-bound subunit is approximately 80 kDa that is a glycosylated ÃŽ ²-subunit of the H+/K+-ATPase pump. Therefore, the findings from the western blot procedure confirm that the patient is positive, and that the autoantigen subunit is glycosylated ÃŽ ²- subunit of the H+/K+-ATPase pump. ELISA, which is an acronym for Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, can also be utilized in detecting anti-proton pump antibodies that prove presence of pernicious anaemia in patients. H+/K+-ATPase is the main autoantigen, which is present in pernicious-anaemia patient sera because it induces autoimmune disorder that interferes with parietal cells and thereby inhibits secretion of the intrinsic factor (Lahner Annibale, 2009). When ELISA is used, the autoantigen on the micro titre plate is immobilized, and the serum sample t hat contains anti-proton pump antibodies is combined and incubated with the aforementioned antigen. Serum samples normally have antibodies that are specific to proton pump antigens. This implies that the antibodies bind to the proton pump ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² subunits. Sugiu et. al. explain that proteins and excess antibodies in serum are cleaned and the secondary antibody that is linked to the enzyme, and which is primary-antibody specific, is also added to the micro titre plate. A change in colouration is achieved by the use of the chromogenic substrate, indicating proton-pump antibodies presence. In order to be able to determine the amount of proton pump antibodies in sera by the use of ELISA, the assessment of electrical signal, intensity of colour and fluorescence is necessary. To measure colour intensity in absorbance of luminance, it is a spectrophotometer can be used (Sugiu et al., 2006). This accurately determines the level of proton pump antibodies in the sera. Therefore, determi nation of fluorescence or colour intensity is an important component of qualifying proton pump antibodies. The anti-human IG-HRP conjugate of the sheep is a secondary antibody, which links with the H+/K+ ATPase antigen indirectly because it uses the primary antibody to link to the antigen. Anti-human Ig-HRP is actually an antibody specific to the human Ig production of the antibody, and it results from the immunological response of a sheep to human Ig (Chevrier, Chateauneuf, Guerin Lemieux, 2004). The anti-human Ig is actually a secondary antibody and thus, immune-histochemistry and in western blot, horseradish is used to conjugate it. Horseradish is an enzyme, which catalyses chromogenic substrates. Discussion: Immuno-peroxidase staining of mouse stomach section In this section of the report, emphasis is put on the stomach’s immune-histology to determine whether the patient mouse tests positive or negative for pernicious anaemia. In case of positive results, the antibodies are seen attached on the proton pumps of the parietal cells (Irvine 1965). During this experiment, unknown patients were applied anti-human 1g to the human 1g, which were labelled P1 and P2. From the experiment results, it was depicted that there were no brown stains thus concluding that there was no antibody-attachment on the proton pumps of the parietal cell. The conclusion was that patient 2 had tested negative for pernicious anaemia. On the other hand, patient 1 tested positive for pernicious anaemia because there were brown stains, which indicated antibody-antigen attachment on the proton pumps of the parietal cells. Reference List Andres, E, Serraj, K 2012, ‘Optimal management of pernicious anaemia’, Journal of Blood Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, 97-103. Chevrier, C, Chateauneuf, I, Guerin, M, Lemieux, R 2004, ‘Sensitive detection of human Ig in ELISA using a monoclonal anti-IgG-Peroxidase Conjugate’, Hybrid Hybridomics, vol. 23, no 6, 362-367. Irvine, J 1965, ‘Immunologic Aspects of Pernicious Anaemia’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 432-438. Lahner, E, Annibale, B 2009, ‘Pernicious anaemia: New insights from a gastroenterological point of view’, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 15, no. 41, pp. 5121-5128. Rhoades, A, Bell, R 2008, Medical Physiology principles for clinical medicine. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Sugiu, K, Kamada, T, Ito, M, Kaya, S, Tanaka, A, Kusunoki, H, Haruma, K 2006, ‘Evaluation of an ELISA for detection of antiparietal cell antibody,’ Hepatogastroenterology, vol. 53, no. 67, 11-14. Toh, H, Van Driel, R, Gleeson, A 1997, ‘Pernicious Anaemia’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 20, pp. 1441-1448. This report on Pernicious Anaemia: Causes and Curing Procedures was written and submitted by user Frankl1nR1chards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.